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Comparative Study
. 2021 Dec 1;108(12):1448-1464.
doi: 10.1093/bjs/znab336.

Death following pulmonary complications of surgery before and during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

STARSurg Collaborative and COVIDSurg Collaborative
Collaborators
Comparative Study

Death following pulmonary complications of surgery before and during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

STARSurg Collaborative and COVIDSurg Collaborative. Br J Surg. .

Abstract

Background: This study aimed to determine the impact of pulmonary complications on death after surgery both before and during the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic.

Methods: This was a patient-level, comparative analysis of two, international prospective cohort studies: one before the pandemic (January-October 2019) and the second during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic (local emergence of COVID-19 up to 19 April 2020). Both included patients undergoing elective resection of an intra-abdominal cancer with curative intent across five surgical oncology disciplines. Patient selection and rates of 30-day postoperative pulmonary complications were compared. The primary outcome was 30-day postoperative mortality. Mediation analysis using a natural-effects model was used to estimate the proportion of deaths during the pandemic attributable to SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Results: This study included 7402 patients from 50 countries; 3031 (40.9 per cent) underwent surgery before and 4371 (59.1 per cent) during the pandemic. Overall, 4.3 per cent (187 of 4371) developed postoperative SARS-CoV-2 in the pandemic cohort. The pulmonary complication rate was similar (7.1 per cent (216 of 3031) versus 6.3 per cent (274 of 4371); P = 0.158) but the mortality rate was significantly higher (0.7 per cent (20 of 3031) versus 2.0 per cent (87 of 4371); P < 0.001) among patients who had surgery during the pandemic. The adjusted odds of death were higher during than before the pandemic (odds ratio (OR) 2.72, 95 per cent c.i. 1.58 to 4.67; P < 0.001). In mediation analysis, 54.8 per cent of excess postoperative deaths during the pandemic were estimated to be attributable to SARS-CoV-2 (OR 1.73, 1.40 to 2.13; P < 0.001).

Conclusion: Although providers may have selected patients with a lower risk profile for surgery during the pandemic, this did not mitigate the likelihood of death through SARS-CoV-2 infection. Care providers must act urgently to protect surgical patients from SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Plain language summary

This study compared death rates in patients who developed pulmonary complications of surgery before and during the pandemic in two large, international studies. Patients who underwent surgery during the pandemic tended to be younger and fitter. Overall, 4.3 per cent were diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infection after surgery in the pandemic cohort. Deaths within 30 days after surgery tripled during the first wave of the pandemic (from 0.7 to 2.0 per cent), whereas the rate of pulmonary complications remained the similar (7.1 to 6.3 per cent). Over half of these excess deaths (54.8 per cent) were estimated to be related to SARS-CoV-2 infection.

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Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Study flow diagram
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Comparison of outcomes across prepandemic and pandemic cohorts a Phenotype of pulmonary complications and b relationship between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) infection diagnosis, pulmonary complications, and death.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Multivariable natural-effects model of postoperative death associated with time interval, mediated by SARS-COV-2 infection OR, odds ratio; SARS-COV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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