[Acute kidney injury in intensive care unit: A review]

Abstract

Acute kidney injury is a common complication in intensive care unit. Its incidence is variable according to the studies. It is considered to occur in more than 50 % of patients. Acute kidney injury is responsible for an increase in morbidity (length of hospitalization, renal replacement therapy) but also for excess mortality. The commonly accepted definition of acute kidney injury comes from the collaborative workgroup named Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). It made it possible to standardize practices and raise awareness among practitioners about monitoring plasma creatinine and also diuresis. Acute kidney injury in intensive care unit is a systemic disease including circulatory, endothelial, epithelial and cellular function involvement and an acute kidney injury is not accompanied by ad integrum repair. After prolonged injury, inadequate repair begins with a fibrotic process. Several mechanisms are involved (cell cycle arrest, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, mitochondrial dysfunction) and result in improper repair. A continuum exists between acute kidney disease and chronic kidney disease, characterized by different renal recovery phenotypes. Thus, preventive measures to prevent the occurrence of kidney damage play a major role in management. The nephrologist must be involved at every stage, from the prevention of the first acute kidney injury (upon arrival in intensive care unit) to long-term follow-up and the care of a chronic kidney disease.

Keywords: Acute kidney injury; Chronic kidney disease; Insuffisance rénale aiguë; Insuffisance rénale chronique; Intensive care unit; Maladaptive repair; Renal recovery; Réanimation; Récupération rénale; Réparation inadaptée; Second hit.