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Review
. 2021 Nov 30:14:6349-6381.
doi: 10.2147/JIR.S333887. eCollection 2021.

Common Inflammatory Mechanisms in COVID-19 and Parkinson's Diseases: The Role of Microbiome, Pharmabiotics and Postbiotics in Their Prevention

Valery Danilenko  1 , Andrey Devyatkin  2 , Mariya Marsova  1 , Madina Shibilova  3 , Rustem Ilyasov  1 , Vladimir Shmyrev  4
Affiliations
Review

Common Inflammatory Mechanisms in COVID-19 and Parkinson's Diseases: The Role of Microbiome, Pharmabiotics and Postbiotics in Their Prevention

Valery Danilenko et al. J Inflamm Res. .

Abstract

In the last decade, metagenomic studies have shown the key role of the gut microbiome in maintaining immune and neuroendocrine systems. Malfunction of the gut microbiome can induce inflammatory processes, oxidative stress, and cytokine storm. Dysfunction of the gut microbiome can be caused by short-term (virus infection and other infectious diseases) or long-term (environment, nutrition, and stress) factors. Here, we reviewed the inflammation and oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases and coronavirus infection (COVID-19). Here, we reviewed the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) involved in the processes of formation of oxidative stress and inflammation in viral and neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, the coronavirus uses ACE2 receptors of the RAAS to penetrate human cells. The coronavirus infection can be the trigger for neurodegenerative diseases by dysfunction of the RAAS. Pharmabiotics, postbiotics, and next-generation probiotics, are considered as a means to prevent oxidative stress, inflammatory processes, neurodegenerative and viral diseases through gut microbiome regulation.

Keywords: COVID-19; Lactobacillus; coronavirus infection; gut microbiome; inflammatory processes; neurodegenerative diseases; oxidative stress; pharmabiotics; postbiotics; probiotics; renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system; symbiotics.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The scheme of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Lactobacteria from the different microbiome sources and the possibilities of their use as probiotics or pharmabiotics,and postbiotics in the prevention and therapy the human diseases.
Figure 3
Figure 3
The intestinal microbiome influences the host organism due to its ability to synthesize various biologically active compounds.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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