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. 2021 Dec 8;12(12):CD006649.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006649.pub8.

Anticoagulation for the initial treatment of venous thromboembolism in people with cancer

Lara A Kahale  1 , Charbel F Matar  2 , Maram B Hakoum  3 , Ibrahim G Tsolakian  4 , Victor Ed Yosuico  5 , Irene Terrenato  6 , Francesca Sperati  6 , Maddalena Barba  7 , Holger Schünemann  8 , Elie A Akl  9
Affiliations

Anticoagulation for the initial treatment of venous thromboembolism in people with cancer

Lara A Kahale et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Compared with people without cancer, people with cancer who receive anticoagulant treatment for venous thromboembolism (VTE) are more likely to develop recurrent VTE.

Objectives: To compare the efficacy and safety of three types of parenteral anticoagulants (i.e. fixed-dose low molecular weight heparin (LMWH), adjusted-dose unfractionated heparin (UFH), and fondaparinux) for the initial treatment of VTE in people with cancer.

Search methods: We performed a comprehensive search in the following major databases: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE (via Ovid) and Embase (via Ovid). We also handsearched conference proceedings, checked references of included studies, and searched for ongoing studies. This update of the systematic review is based on the findings of a literature search conducted on 14 August 2021.

Selection criteria: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the benefits and harms of LMWH, UFH, and fondaparinux in people with cancer and objectively confirmed VTE.

Data collection and analysis: Using a standardised form, we extracted data - in duplicate - on study design, participants, interventions, outcomes of interest, and risk of bias. Outcomes of interest included all-cause mortality, symptomatic VTE, major bleeding, minor bleeding, postphlebitic syndrome, quality of life, and thrombocytopenia. We assessed the certainty of evidence for each outcome using the GRADE approach.

Main results: Of 11,484 identified citations, 3073 were unique citations and 15 RCTs fulfilled the eligibility criteria, none of which were identified in the latest search. These trials enrolled 1615 participants with cancer and VTE: 13 compared LMWH with UFH; one compared fondaparinux with UFH and LMWH; and one compared dalteparin with tinzaparin, two different types of low molecular weight heparin. The meta-analyses showed that LMWH may reduce mortality at three months compared to UFH (risk ratio (RR) 0.66, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.40 to 1.10; risk difference (RD) 57 fewer per 1000, 95% CI 101 fewer to 17 more; low certainty evidence) and may reduce VTE recurrence slightly (RR 0.69, 95% CI 0.27 to 1.76; RD 30 fewer per 1000, 95% CI 70 fewer to 73 more; low certainty evidence). There were no data available for bleeding outcomes, postphlebitic syndrome, quality of life, or thrombocytopenia. The study comparing fondaparinux with heparin (UFH or LMWH) found that fondaparinux may increase mortality at three months (RR 1.25, 95% CI 0.86 to 1.81; RD 43 more per 1000, 95% CI 24 fewer to 139 more; low certainty evidence), may result in little to no difference in recurrent VTE (RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.56 to 1.54; RD 8 fewer per 1000, 95% CI 52 fewer to 63 more; low certainty evidence), may result in little to no difference in major bleeding (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.40 to 1.66; RD 12 fewer per 1000, 95% CI 40 fewer to 44 more; low certainty evidence), and probably increases minor bleeding (RR 1.53, 95% CI 0.88 to 2.66; RD 42 more per 1000, 95% CI 10 fewer to 132 more; moderate certainty evidence). There were no data available for postphlebitic syndrome, quality of life, or thrombocytopenia. The study comparing dalteparin with tinzaparin found that dalteparin may reduce mortality slightly (RR 0.86, 95% CI 0.43 to 1.73; RD 33 fewer per 1000, 95% CI 135 fewer to 173 more; low certainty evidence), may reduce recurrent VTE (RR 0.44, 95% CI 0.09 to 2.16; RD 47 fewer per 1000, 95% CI 77 fewer to 98 more; low certainty evidence), may increase major bleeding slightly (RR 2.19, 95% CI 0.20 to 23.42; RD 20 more per 1000, 95% CI 14 fewer to 380 more; low certainty evidence), and may reduce minor bleeding slightly (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.30 to 2.21; RD 24 fewer per 1000, 95% CI 95 fewer to 164 more; low certainty evidence). There were no data available for postphlebitic syndrome, quality of life, or thrombocytopenia.

Authors' conclusions: Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) is probably superior to UFH in the initial treatment of VTE in people with cancer. Additional trials focusing on patient-important outcomes will further inform the questions addressed in this review. The decision for a person with cancer to start LMWH therapy should balance the benefits and harms and consider the person's values and preferences.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01130025 NCT01448746 NCT00966277.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

HJS: panel member of the ASH VTE in cancer patients, Vice‐Chair of the ASH VTE guidelines and played various leadership roles from 1999 until 2014 with the American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) VTE guidelines. EAA served on the executive committee of the ACCP Antithrombotic Therapy Guidelines published in 2016. All other review authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram
2
2
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgments about each risk of bias item for each included study
3
3
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgments about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus unfractionated heparin (UFH), Outcome 1: Mortality (3 months)
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus unfractionated heparin (UFH), Outcome 2: Any recurrent venous thromboembolism (3 months)
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2: Fondaparinux versus heparin, Outcome 1: Mortality (3 months)
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2: Fondaparinux versus heparin, Outcome 2: Recurrent venous thromboembolism (3 months)
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2: Fondaparinux versus heparin, Outcome 3: Major bleeding (3 months)
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2: Fondaparinux versus heparin, Outcome 4: Minor bleeding (3 months)
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3: Dalteparin versus tinzaparin, Outcome 1: Mortality (3 months)
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3: Dalteparin versus tinzaparin, Outcome 2: Recurrent venous thromboembolism (3 months)
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3: Dalteparin versus tinzaparin, Outcome 3: Major bleeding (3 months)
3.4
3.4. Analysis
Comparison 3: Dalteparin versus tinzaparin, Outcome 4: Minor bleeding (3 months)
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

References

References to studies included in this review

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    1. Akl EA, Barba M, Muti P, Rohilla S, Schünemann H, Sperati F, et al. Anticoagulation for the initial treatment of venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer. Cancer 2008;113(7):1685-94. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006649] - DOI - PubMed
Akl 2011
    1. Akl EA, Vasireddi SR, Gunukula S, Barba M, Sperati F, Terrenato I, et al. Anticoagulation for the initial treatment of venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 6. Art. No: CD006649. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006649.pub3] - DOI - PubMed
Akl 2014
    1. Akl EA, Kahale LA, Neumann I, Barba M, Sperati F, Terrenato I, et al. Anticoagulation for the initial treatment of venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 6. Art. No: CD006649. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006649.pub6] - DOI - PubMed
Hakoum 2018
    1. Hakoum MB, Kahale LA, Tsolakian IG, Matar CF, Yosuico VE, Terrenato I, et al. Anticoagulation for the initial treatment of venous thromboembolism in people with cancer. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2018, Issue 1. Art. No: CD006649. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006649.pub7] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

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