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Clinical Trial
. 2022 Jan 1;89(1):87-97.
doi: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000002820.

Genital Mucosal Drug Concentrations and anti-HIV Activity in Tenofovir-Based PrEP Products: Intravaginal Ring vs. Oral Administration

Louise A Ouattara  1 , Andrea R Thurman  1 , Terry A Jacot  1 , Mackenzie Cottrell  2 , Craig Sykes  2 , Kimberly Blake  2 , Xi Fang  1 , Susan Ju  1 , Nikolas C Vann  1 , Jill Schwartz  1 , Gustavo F Doncel  1
Affiliations
Clinical Trial

Genital Mucosal Drug Concentrations and anti-HIV Activity in Tenofovir-Based PrEP Products: Intravaginal Ring vs. Oral Administration

Louise A Ouattara et al. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. .

Abstract

Objective: To describe and compare systemic and local pharmacokinetics (PK) and cervicovaginal (CV) pharmacodynamics (PD) of oral tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) in combination with emtricitabine (FTC) with tenofovir (TFV) intravaginal ring (IVR).

Design: Phase I, randomized, parallel-group study. Women (n = 22) used TDF/FTC oral tablets daily or TFV IVR continuously and were assessed at baseline and 14 days.

Methods: TFV and FTC concentrations were measured in plasma, CV fluid (CVF), and CV tissue. TFV-diphosphate and FTC-triphosphate were assessed in CV tissue. In vitro PD antiviral activities of TFV and FTC (using in vivo concentration ranges) were modeled in the CVF and by infecting CV tissue explants ex vivo with HIV-1BaL.

Results: Adverse events (AEs) were more common with oral TDF/FTC use (P < 0.01). The median CVF TFV concentrations were 106 ng/mL after use of TFV IVR vs. 102 ng/mL for TDF/FTC. The median TFV and TFV-diphosphate concentrations in CV tissue were >100-fold higher among IVR users. The median CVF FTC concentrations were 103 ng/mL. FTC and FTC-triphosphate were detected in all CV tissues from TDF/FTC users. HIV inhibitory activity of CVF increased significantly with treatment in both cohorts (P < 0.01) but was higher in TFV IVR users (P < 0.01). In vitro inhibition of tissue infection with ex vivo administration of TFV and FTC was dose dependent, with maximal efficacy achieved with 10 µg/mL TFV, 1 µg/mL FTC, and 0.1 µg/mL of TFV and FTC combined.

Conclusions: Both products were safe and increased mucosal HIV inhibitory activity. In addition to systemic protection, oral TDF/FTC displays a PK/PD profile compatible with CV mucosal antiviral activity. TFV IVR resulted in fewer AEs, lower TFV plasma concentrations, higher CVF and tissue TFV and TFV-DP concentrations, and greater anti-HIV activity in CVF.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02722343 NCT02904369.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

Figures

FIGURE 1.
FIGURE 1.
CONRAD A15-140 flow diagram.
FIGURE 2.
FIGURE 2.
A, Inhibition of HIV by ectocervical and vaginal fluids. B, CVF inhibition of HIV change from baseline.
FIGURE 3.
FIGURE 3.
A, p24 CUMULATIVE vs. treatment. B, p24 explants AUC vs. treatment.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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