Ascaridia galli challenge model for worm propagation in young chickens with or without immunosuppression

Abstract

With the continued growth of free-range egg production, the importance of the chicken roundworm Ascaridia galli is increasing. Investigations into this parasite would be facilitated by the availability of characterised strains and clear guidelines on optimal methods of multiplication and maintenance. Currently, there is lack of well-defined in vivo models for maintaining A. galli and the potential of using host immunosuppression to boost parasite development and worm egg output has not been investigated. To determine the most efficient way of propagating A. galli in young chickens an experiment with a 2 × 3 × 4 × 2 factorial design involving age of chicken at infection (day-old or 14 days old), immunosuppression (dexamethasone (DEX), cyclophosphamide (CY) or sham), infective egg dose (0, 100, 300 or 900 embryonated eggs/bird) and time of worm recovery after infection (8 or 10 weeks post-infection) was conducted. The experiment used a total of 384 layer cockerel chicks. Infection was delivered orally in 3 split doses over one week and immunosuppressants were administered by intramuscular injection concurrently with the infections. Body weight, excreta egg counts, intestinal worm count and worm establishment rate were assessed. The only sign of ascaridiosis noted was mild diarrhoea at the time of slaughter in some birds with a significant- positive association with worm count. Infection caused a significant dose dependent reduction in body weight in non-immunosuppressed birds but this effect was ameliorated by immunosuppression. Age at infection had no significant effect on the studied variables although both worm and egg counts were numerically higher in the day-old infected groups. Egg dose significantly influenced the prevalence of infection, worm establishment rate, worm egg production and mean worm count. The 300 and 900 egg doses resulted in significantly higher worm count and egg production than the 100 egg dose. A significant negative correlation was observed between egg dose and worm establishment rate indicating an inverse relationship. Immunosuppression with DEX, but not CY resulted in significantly higher mean worm burden than in control chickens with excreta egg counts also considerably higher in DEX treated birds. Our results suggest that trickle infection at day-old with infective doses of 300 eggs coupled with immunosuppression with DEX would provide the most efficient way to propagate A. galli worms in vivo, as using older birds or a higher egg dose did not provide any advantage.

Keywords: Ascaridia galli infection; Chicken; Dose response; Immunosuppression; Maintenance; Nematode.