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. 2021 Dec 1;21(23):8043.
doi: 10.3390/s21238043.

Anemia Diagnostic System Based on Impedance Measurement of Red Blood Cells

Hyuntae Cho  1 , Seung-Ro Lee  2 , Yunju Baek  3
Affiliations

Anemia Diagnostic System Based on Impedance Measurement of Red Blood Cells

Hyuntae Cho et al. Sensors (Basel). .

Abstract

Anemia is a condition in which red blood cells or the hemoglobin in the blood is lower than in healthy people. Red blood cells transport and supply oxygen needed to various organs in the human body. Anemia is caused by hypoxemia due to the lack of red blood cells and causes other serious health problems, such as heart problems, pregnancy complications, severe fatigue, or death. There are many causes of anemia, and it can be diagnosed by measuring hematocrit or hemoglobin levels in the blood. Even though there are various diagnostic devices on the market, these devices are inconvenient because their systems are bulky, heavy, expensive, or inaccurate. This study proposed a new anemia diagnostic system based on the impedance measurement of red blood cells. The proposed system consists of a test strip that collects a blood sample from the finger and a hemoglobin meter that measures the impedance of the blood and converts it into the concentration of hemoglobin. The proposed test strip that does not contain enzymes or reagents was designed in accordance with class 1 approval by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The hemoglobin meter was designed to include a hardware block, an algorithm block and a calibration block through empirical work. We also compared it to reference impedance to prove the accuracy of the hemoglobin meter. The experimental results with human blood indicated the superiority of the anemia diagnostic system. As a result, the overall standard deviation of impedance measurements was less than 1%, and the coefficient of variance of the proposed system was 1.7%, which was better than that of other commercial systems.

Keywords: anemia-measuring method; blood diagnostics; hematocrit; hemoglobin; in vitro system; red blood cells; test strip.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Classification of automatic hemoglobin meters for POCT.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The designed strips: (a) structure of the strip, (b) electrodes of the test strip, (c) interface of the test strip, and (d) appearance of the test strip.
Figure 3
Figure 3
The manufactured test strip: (a) electrode structure and (b) appearance.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Hemoglobin meter: (a) block diagram and (b) prototypes (50 × 75 mm).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Impedance measurement circuit.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Flow chart of the system operation.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Impedance curve according to hemoglobin.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Experimental results using human blood: (a) average concentration and (b) CV.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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