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. 2019:30:375-393.
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-813743-7.00025-6. Epub 2019 Jun 21.

Sleep in Aquatic Mammals

Oleg I Lyamin  1   2 , Jerome M Siegel  1
Affiliations

Sleep in Aquatic Mammals

Oleg I Lyamin et al. Handb Behav Neurosci. 2019.
No abstract available

PubMed Disclaimer

Figures

FIG. 25.1
FIG. 25.1
Association between unihemispheric sleep and EEG in the two hemispheres (L, left; R, right) and eye state in a beluga. The state of each eye (L, left; R, right) is marked as open (O), closed (C), or intermediate (I). Reproduced from Lyamin, O. I., Mukhametov, L. M., & Siegel, J. M. (2004). Association between EEG asymmetry and eye state in Cetaceans and Pinnipeds. Archives Italiennes de Biologie, 142, 557–568.
FIG. 25.2
FIG. 25.2
EEG slow-wave power in the range of 1.2–4 Hz in the right (R) and left (L) hemispheres in a bottlenose dolphin and beluga recorded over 24 h. Reproduced from Lyamin, O. I., Manger, P. R., Ridgway, S. H., Mukhametov, L. M., & Siegel, J. M. (2008). Cetacean sleep: an unusual form of mammalian sleep. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 32, 1451–1484.
FIG. 25.3
FIG. 25.3
Top: several consecutive episodes of unihemispheric sleep in the left hemisphere in a bottlenose dolphin lying on the pool floor. High-voltage artifacts are periods of surfacing and respirations. Bottom: episode on the bottom is a fragment of the top recording at the time marked by the dotted line. EEG, electroencephalogram; L and R, left and right hemisphere, respectively.
FIG. 25.4
FIG. 25.4
Slow swimming in Commerson’s dolphins. The photos were taken in 2 s intervals. Note the difference in speed between the dolphin marked by a white arrow and the two other dolphins. The marked dolphin virtually stopped moving for about 10–12 s (frames 4–8) and then accelerated and emerged to the surface (frame 9).
FIG. 25.5
FIG. 25.5
The pattern of sleep in the fur seal on land and in water. Left column: postures of sleep in the fur seals on land (A, B) and in water (C, D). Right column: Representative polygrams of recordings from fur seals sleeping on land (E) and at the water surface in the lateral (F) and in a prone position (G). The duration of each polygram is approximately 6 h. EMG, neck electromyogram; EEG, electroencephalogram in symmetrical left (L) and (R) fronto-occipital derivations. Episodes of unihemispheric sleep (USWS) in the left and right hemispheres and active wakefulness (AW) are marked by brown, blue, and black dotted lines, respectively. Postures of fur seals are shown on the diagrams. Reproduced from Lyamin, O. I., Kosenko, P. O., Korneva, S. M., Vyssotski, A. L., Mukhametov, L. M., & Siegel, J. M. (2018). Fur seals suppress REM sleep for very long periods without subsequent rebound. Current Biology, 28, 2000–2005.
FIG. 25.6
FIG. 25.6
REM sleep is suppressed when fur seals are in seawater with little or no rebound when returned to baseline (land) conditions. (A) The amount of REM sleep substantially decreased in fur seals during the entire period in seawater. There was no apparent rebound when the seal returned to land. (B) The total amount of SWS (BSWS plus USWS) was reduced only on the first day after seals were placed in water. The amounts of SWS increased in all seals after they were returned to land. (C) The proportion of bilateral SWS (BSWS) was significantly reduced during all periods the seals stayed in water and increased in all seals on the first recovery day on land. The colored lines and symbols mark individual seals, and the gray bars indicate the average values. This figure is an abbreviated version of fig. 25.3 from Lyamin, O. I., Kosenko, P. O., Korneva, S. M., Vyssotski, A. L., Mukhametov, L. M., & Siegel, J. M. (2018). Fur seals suppress REM sleep for very long periods without subsequent rebound. Current Biology, 28, 2000–2005.
FIG. 25.7
FIG. 25.7
Percent of errors and response latency in two northern fur seals when discriminating the larger of two circles under baseline conditions, during 108 h total sleep deprivation and during recovery. During sleep deprivation, the average amount of rest was decreased to 1/80 of the baseline value in seal 1 and to 1/68 in seal 2. The performance of the seals depended only on the difficulty of the task (the difference between the diameters of two circles) and did not depend on the experimental conditions. Different markers signify averages for different pairs of circles (20 vs 17, 20 vs 18, 20 vs 19, and 20 vs 19.5 cm) in consecutive tests. The duration of sleep deprivation is shown in hours. The broken lines indicate the error rates of random responses (25%, 5 errors out of 20 trails, binomial test, P = .05).
FIG. 25.8
FIG. 25.8
Polygrams of wakefulness, slow-wave sleep, and REM sleep in a walrus on land (left) and in water (right). HR, instantaneous heart rate (beats/min); EEG, electroencephalogram of the left and right hemispheres; EMG, electromyogram of neck muscles; R, respiratory acts (breaths); W, wakefulness; SWS, slow-wave sleep; REM, rapid eye movement sleep. During breath holdings (apneas) in water, the walrus submerged and lay on the bottom of pool.
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