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. 2021 Nov 24:12:711652.
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.711652. eCollection 2021.

Impacts of Internet-Based Interventions for Veterans With PTSD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Yang Zhou  1 , Zhenggang Bai  1 , Wei Wu  1 , Zijia Fan  1 , Cuiying Wu  1 , Longyi Li  1 , Siyu Li  1
Affiliations

Impacts of Internet-Based Interventions for Veterans With PTSD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Yang Zhou et al. Front Psychol. .

Abstract

Background: Veterans who did not seek and complete treatment as intended have been shown to have an elevated risk of experiencing and being exposed to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Internet-based interventions (IBIs) provide more confidentiality and fewer treatment barriers, and they are regarded as potential treatments to reduce PTSD in veterans. However, the effects of IBI for veterans with PTSD are inconclusive. Objectives: IBI is defined as any internet-based series of psychosocial interventions, of which the internet works as a way of delivery. Psychosocial content and reduction of PTSD symptoms in veterans have been recognized as two core elements of this intervention. This study aimed to (1) examine the effects of IBI on veterans' PTSD outcomes and (2) distinguish between the elements of IBI that play an important role for veterans with PTSD. Methods: Web of Science, PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Cochrane, Wanfang Data, CNKI, and CQVIP databases were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCT) in IBI programs for veterans with PTSD, covering all studies in English and Chinese published from January 1990 to November 2020. Also, related studies tracking citations were identified. Studies met the following inclusion criteria of (1) being RCTs; (2) containing IBI in the full text; (3) having IBI conducted on veterans as participants; and (4) being on PTSD. All processes followed PRISMA. The risk of bias of the studies was assessed by the Cochrane Systematic Review Handbook. The confidence of outcomes of this review was valued according to the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation). The meta-analysis was done by RevMan 5.13. Two teams of reviewers independently searched the literature, made the assessment, and extracted the data. Results: A total of 1,493 citations were identified after initial searching, of which the full texts of 66 studies were screened. Eventually, six RCT studies met the inclusion criteria. Beneficial effects of IBI were found on the overall PTSD outcome (-0.29; 95% CI-0.48 to -0.11, p<0.01). Particularly, IBI based on cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) with peer support was found to be effective for PTSD outcomes (-0.36; 95% CI-0.61 to -0.11, p<0.01). The subgroup analysis demonstrated that scores of PTSD outcome measured by a PCL (PTSD Checklist) decreased to an average score of 0.38 (95% CI -0.60 to -0.15, p=0.001). The intervention had a positive effect on the PTSD outcome on veterans with comorbid psychological disorders (-0.30; 95% CI -0.61 to -0.11, p<0.01). Overall, the six studies included were evaluated with a low risk of bias, and the outcomes of the meta-analysis were proven with high confidence. Conclusion: On the whole, IBIs have a positive effect on the overall PTSD outcome of veterans. The results encouraged us to focus on IBI with CBT with peer support for veterans, on specific instruments for veterans with PTSD, and on veterans with comorbid psychological disorders. This study, however, has limits. Only six studies with a Western population were included, which might result in cultural bias on IBI effects. In future, more high-qualified research and diverse cultural background of RCTs is needed to prove the effectiveness of IBI on veterans with PTSD.

Keywords: PTSD; internet-based intervention; meta-analysis; randomized controlled trials; veterans.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
PRISMA diagram of included studies in the meta-analysis.
Figure 2
Figure 2
(A) Summary of Risk of Bias for all the included studies. (B) Graph of Risk of Bias for all the included studies.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Forest plot of overall effectiveness of IBI on veterans with PTSD.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Forest plot of effects of IBI based on various contents.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Forest plot of effects of IBI on PTSD with different instruments.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Forest plot of effects of IBI on veterans with different comorbidity.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Forest plot of results without the study with the largest sample size.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Forest plot of results without the study with female samples only.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Forest plot of results without the study with male samples and different cultures.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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