Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2021 Nov 22;6(48):32528-32536.
doi: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04043. eCollection 2021 Dec 7.

Fabrication of GQD-Electrodeposited Screen-Printed Carbon Electrodes for the Detection of the CRP Biomarker

Muthaiyan Lakshmanakumar  1 , Noel Nesakumar  1 , Swaminathan Sethuraman  1 , Rajan K S  1 , Uma Maheswari Krishnan  1 , John Bosco Balaguru Rayappan  1
Affiliations

Fabrication of GQD-Electrodeposited Screen-Printed Carbon Electrodes for the Detection of the CRP Biomarker

Muthaiyan Lakshmanakumar et al. ACS Omega. .

Abstract

The traditional three-electrode electrochemical system used in the development of biosensors for detecting various biomarkers of interest necessitates the use of bulk electrodes, which precludes the deployment of handheld electrochemical devices in clinical applications. Affordable screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) modified with functional interfaces are being developed to enhance the sensitivity of a compact sensing system as a whole. In this work, SPCEs were fabricated on an overhead projection (OHP) sheet in three different active areas of 2 × 2, 3 × 3, and 4 × 4 mm2 using a screen printing technique, and then ∼2 nm sized graphene quantum dots (GQDs) were electrodeposited over the SPCE surface to add functionality for the detection of ultralow levels of one of the cardiac biomarkers, C-reactive protein (CRP). The proposed mediator-dependent voltammetric biosensor exhibited good sensitivity, a low detection limit, and a linear range of 2.45 μA ng-1 mL-1 cm-2, 0.036 ng mL-1, and 0.5-10 ng mL-1, respectively. The fabricated SPCE/GQDs/anti-CRP biosensor could rapidly detect CRP in less than 25 s. The intra- and interassays were performed with five sensor strips, which showed a minimum standard deviation of 1.85 and 2.8%, respectively. The SPCE/GQDs/anti-CRP electrode was used to detect CRP concentrations in a ringer lactate solution. Thus, the developed biosensor has all of the characteristics such as rapidity, inexpensive disposable electrodes, miniaturization, and a lower detection limit needed to evolve as a point-of-care (PoC) application.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing financial interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
(a) HR-TEM image of GQDs; (b) particle size distribution of GQDs; (c) UV–vis absorption spectrum of GQDs; and (d) XRD pattern of GQDs.
Figure 2
Figure 2
(a) XPS survey, (b) C 1s, and (c) O 1s spectra of GQDs.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Fabricated SPCEs of (a) 2 × 2, (b) 3 × 3, and (c) 4 × 4 mm2. (d) Schematic of electrodeposited SPCEs.
Figure 4
Figure 4
(a) SEM images of 2 × 2 mm2 optimized SPCE, (b) carbon working electrode after oxygen plasma treatment, (c) electrodeposited GQDs on SPCE, and (d) cross-sectional image of SPCE/GQDs.
Figure 5
Figure 5
GQDs/SPCE immunosensor connected with a Palmsens S3 device.
Figure 6
Figure 6
(a) ΔEp values of three different (2 × 2, 3 × 3, and 4 × 4 mm2) sizes of fabricated SPCEs at 100 W oxygen plasma treatment from 5 to 20 min. (b) Cyclic voltammograms of bare SPCE, SPCE/GQDs, SPCE/GQDs/anti-CRP, and SPCE/GQDs/anti-CRP/CRP.
Figure 7
Figure 7
FT-IR spectra of GQDs, anti-CRP, and GQDs/anti-CRP.
Figure 8
Figure 8
(a) Differential pulse voltammograms and (b) amperograms of the SPCE/GQDs/anti-CRP electrode for varying CRP concentrations. (c) Calibration plot of the SPCE/GQDs/anti-CRP electrode for varying CRP concentrations detected using the CV technique. (d) Calibration plot of the SPCE/GQDs/anti-CRP electrode for varying concentrations of CRP detected using the DPV technique.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Heinecke J. W. Chemical Knockout of C-Reactive Protein in Cardiovascular Disease. Nat. Chem. Biol. 2006, 2, 300–301. 10.1038/nchembio0606-300. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Pepys M. B.; Hirschfield G. M.; Tennent G. A.; Gallimore J. R.; Kahan M. C.; Bellotti V.; Hawkins P. N.; Myers R. M.; Smith M. D.; Polara A.; Cobb A. J. A.; Ley S. V.; Aquilina J. A.; Robinson C. V.; Sharif I.; Gray G. A.; Sabin C. A.; Jenvey M. C.; Kolstoe S. E.; Thompson D.; Wood S. P. Targeting C-Reactive Protein for the Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease. Nature 2006, 440, 1217–1221. 10.1038/nature04672. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Ridker P. M. Clinical Application of C-Reactive Protein for Cardiovascular Disease Detection and Prevention. Circulation 2003, 107, 363–369. 10.1161/01.CIR.0000053730.47739.3C. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Luo Y.; Zhang B.; Chen M.; Jiang T.; Zhou D.; Huang J.; Fu W. Sensitive and Rapid Quantification of C-Reactive Protein Using Quantum Dot-Labeled Microplate Immunoassay. J. Transl. Med. 2012, 10, 2410.1186/1479-5876-10-24. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Espe K.; Galler A.; Raila J.; Kiess W.; Schweigert F. J. High-Normal C-Reactive Protein Levels Do Not Affect the Vitamin A Transport Complex in Serum of Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes. Pediatr. Res. 2007, 62, 741–745. 10.1203/PDR.0b013e318158787e. - DOI - PubMed