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. 2021 Dec 15;12(12):CD008012.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008012.pub4.

Psychological and pharmacological interventions for depression in patients with coronary artery disease

Phillip J Tully  1 , Ser Yee Ang  1 , Emily Jl Lee  1 , Eileen Bendig  2 , Natalie Bauereiß  2 , Jürgen Bengel  3 , Harald Baumeister  2
Affiliations

Psychological and pharmacological interventions for depression in patients with coronary artery disease

Phillip J Tully et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Depression occurs frequently in individuals with coronary artery disease (CAD) and is associated with a poor prognosis.

Objectives: To determine the effects of psychological and pharmacological interventions for depression in CAD patients with comorbid depression.

Search methods: We searched the CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, and CINAHL databases up to August 2020. We also searched three clinical trials registers in September 2021. We examined reference lists of included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and contacted primary authors. We applied no language restrictions.

Selection criteria: We included RCTs investigating psychological and pharmacological interventions for depression in adults with CAD and comorbid depression. Our primary outcomes included depression, mortality, and cardiac events. Secondary outcomes were healthcare costs and utilisation, health-related quality of life, cardiovascular vital signs, biomarkers of platelet activation, electrocardiogram wave parameters, non-cardiac adverse events, and pharmacological side effects.

Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently examined the identified papers for inclusion and extracted data from the included studies. We performed random-effects model meta-analyses to compute overall estimates of treatment outcomes.

Main results: Thirty-seven trials fulfilled our inclusion criteria. Psychological interventions may result in a reduction in end-of-treatment depression symptoms compared to controls (standardised mean difference (SMD) -0.55, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.92 to -0.19, I2 = 88%; low certainty evidence; 10 trials; n = 1226). No effect was evident on medium-term depression symptoms one to six months after the end of treatment (SMD -0.20, 95% CI -0.42 to 0.01, I2 = 69%; 7 trials; n = 2654). The evidence for long-term depression symptoms and depression response was sparse for this comparison. There is low certainty evidence that psychological interventions may result in little to no difference in end-of-treatment depression remission (odds ratio (OR) 2.02, 95% CI 0.78 to 5.19, I2 = 87%; low certainty evidence; 3 trials; n = 862). Based on one to two trials per outcome, no beneficial effects on mortality and cardiac events of psychological interventions versus control were consistently found. The evidence was very uncertain for end-of-treatment effects on all-cause mortality, and data were not reported for end-of-treatment cardiovascular mortality and occurrence of myocardial infarction for this comparison. In the trials examining a head-to-head comparison of varying psychological interventions or clinical management, the evidence regarding the effect on end-of-treatment depression symptoms is very uncertain for: cognitive behavioural therapy compared to supportive stress management; behaviour therapy compared to person-centred therapy; cognitive behavioural therapy and well-being therapy compared to clinical management. There is low certainty evidence from one trial that cognitive behavioural therapy may result in little to no difference in end-of-treatment depression remission compared to supportive stress management (OR 1.81, 95% CI 0.73 to 4.50; low certainty evidence; n = 83). Based on one to two trials per outcome, no beneficial effects on depression remission, depression response, mortality rates, and cardiac events were consistently found in head-to-head comparisons between psychological interventions or clinical management. The review suggests that pharmacological intervention may have a large effect on end-of-treatment depression symptoms (SMD -0.83, 95% CI -1.33 to -0.32, I2 = 90%; low certainty evidence; 8 trials; n = 750). Pharmacological interventions probably result in a moderate to large increase in depression remission (OR 2.06, 95% CI 1.47 to 2.89, I2 = 0%; moderate certainty evidence; 4 trials; n = 646). We found an effect favouring pharmacological intervention versus placebo on depression response at the end of treatment, though strength of evidence was not rated (OR 2.73, 95% CI 1.65 to 4.54, I2 = 62%; 5 trials; n = 891). Based on one to four trials per outcome, no beneficial effects regarding mortality and cardiac events were consistently found for pharmacological versus placebo trials, and the evidence was very uncertain for end-of-treatment effects on all-cause mortality and myocardial infarction. In the trials examining a head-to-head comparison of varying pharmacological agents, the evidence was very uncertain for end-of-treatment effects on depression symptoms. The evidence regarding the effects of different pharmacological agents on depression symptoms at end of treatment is very uncertain for: simvastatin versus atorvastatin; paroxetine versus fluoxetine; and escitalopram versus Bu Xin Qi. No trials were eligible for the comparison of a psychological intervention with a pharmacological intervention.

Authors' conclusions: In individuals with CAD and depression, there is low certainty evidence that psychological intervention may result in a reduction in depression symptoms at the end of treatment. There was also low certainty evidence that pharmacological interventions may result in a large reduction of depression symptoms at the end of treatment. Moderate certainty evidence suggests that pharmacological intervention probably results in a moderate to large increase in depression remission at the end of treatment. Evidence on maintenance effects and the durability of these short-term findings is still missing. The evidence for our primary and secondary outcomes, apart from depression symptoms at end of treatment, is still sparse due to the low number of trials per outcome and the heterogeneity of examined populations and interventions. As psychological and pharmacological interventions can seemingly have a large to only a small or no effect on depression, there is a need for research focusing on extracting those approaches able to substantially improve depression in individuals with CAD and depression.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00998400 NCT04986969 NCT04799899 NCT04529148.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Phillip Tully: Dr Tully reports receiving salary from the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia. Dr Tully reports receiving salary and his institution received grant payment from the Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation. Dr Tully has received royalties from Springer and Lambert Academic Publishing. Dr Tully reports receiving payment for development of educational presentations from the Mental Health Professionals Network. Dr Tully reports receiving payment for editorial services from Elsevier.

Ser Yee Ang: none to declare.

Emily JL Lee: none to declare.

Eileen Bendig: EB is an author of an included study, but was not involved in the data extraction or ratings of bias or quality for that study.

Natalie Bauereiss: NB is an author of an included study, but was not involved in the data extraction or ratings of bias or quality for that study.

Jürgen Bengel: JB is an author of an included study, but was not involved in the data extraction or ratings of bias or quality for that study.

Harald Baumeister: HB is an author of an included study, but was not involved in the data extraction or ratings of bias or quality for that study.

Figures

1
1
Summary of the 2020 literature search update and study selection.
2
2
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
3
3
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: Psychological intervention versus control, Outcome 1: Depression symptoms ‐ short term
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: Psychological intervention versus control, Outcome 2: Depression symptoms ‐ medium term
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1: Psychological intervention versus control, Outcome 3: Depression symptoms ‐ long term
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1: Psychological intervention versus control, Outcome 4: Depression remission ‐ short term
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1: Psychological intervention versus control, Outcome 5: Depression remission ‐ medium term
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1: Psychological intervention versus control, Outcome 6: Depression remission ‐ long term
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1: Psychological intervention versus control, Outcome 7: All‐cause mortality ‐ short term
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1: Psychological intervention versus control, Outcome 8: All‐cause mortality ‐ medium term
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1: Psychological intervention versus control, Outcome 9: All‐cause mortality ‐ long term
1.10
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1: Psychological intervention versus control, Outcome 10: Cardiovascular mortality ‐ medium term
1.11
1.11. Analysis
Comparison 1: Psychological intervention versus control, Outcome 11: Cardiovascular mortality ‐ long term
1.12
1.12. Analysis
Comparison 1: Psychological intervention versus control, Outcome 12: Myocardial infarction ‐ long term
1.13
1.13. Analysis
Comparison 1: Psychological intervention versus control, Outcome 13: Heart failure ‐ long term
1.14
1.14. Analysis
Comparison 1: Psychological intervention versus control, Outcome 14: Stroke ‐ long term
1.15
1.15. Analysis
Comparison 1: Psychological intervention versus control, Outcome 15: Coronary revascularisation procedure ‐ long term
1.16
1.16. Analysis
Comparison 1: Psychological intervention versus control, Outcome 16: Hospitalisations ‐ long term
1.17
1.17. Analysis
Comparison 1: Psychological intervention versus control, Outcome 17: Length of stay ‐ short term
1.18
1.18. Analysis
Comparison 1: Psychological intervention versus control, Outcome 18: Quality of life SF‐12/36 physical ‐ short term
1.19
1.19. Analysis
Comparison 1: Psychological intervention versus control, Outcome 19: Quality of life SF‐12/36 mental ‐ short term
1.20
1.20. Analysis
Comparison 1: Psychological intervention versus control, Outcome 20: Quality of life SF‐12/36 physical ‐ medium term
1.21
1.21. Analysis
Comparison 1: Psychological intervention versus control, Outcome 21: Quality of life SF‐12/36 mental ‐ medium term
1.22
1.22. Analysis
Comparison 1: Psychological intervention versus control, Outcome 22: Quality of life SF‐12 total ‐ medium term
1.23
1.23. Analysis
Comparison 1: Psychological intervention versus control, Outcome 23: Quality of life SF‐36 physical ‐ long term
1.24
1.24. Analysis
Comparison 1: Psychological intervention versus control, Outcome 24: Quality of life SF‐36 mental ‐ long term
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2: Psychological intervention versus psychological intervention/clinical management, Outcome 1: Depression symptoms ‐ short term
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2: Psychological intervention versus psychological intervention/clinical management, Outcome 2: Depression symptoms ‐ medium term
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2: Psychological intervention versus psychological intervention/clinical management, Outcome 3: Depression symptoms ‐ long term
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2: Psychological intervention versus psychological intervention/clinical management, Outcome 4: Depression remission ‐ short term
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2: Psychological intervention versus psychological intervention/clinical management, Outcome 5: Depression remission ‐ medium term
2.6
2.6. Analysis
Comparison 2: Psychological intervention versus psychological intervention/clinical management, Outcome 6: Depression remission ‐ long term
2.7
2.7. Analysis
Comparison 2: Psychological intervention versus psychological intervention/clinical management, Outcome 7: Cardiovascular mortality ‐ long term
2.8
2.8. Analysis
Comparison 2: Psychological intervention versus psychological intervention/clinical management, Outcome 8: Quality of life SF‐36 physical ‐ short term
2.9
2.9. Analysis
Comparison 2: Psychological intervention versus psychological intervention/clinical management, Outcome 9: Quality of life SF‐36 mental ‐ short term
2.10
2.10. Analysis
Comparison 2: Psychological intervention versus psychological intervention/clinical management, Outcome 10: Quality of life SF‐36 physical ‐ medium term
2.11
2.11. Analysis
Comparison 2: Psychological intervention versus psychological intervention/clinical management, Outcome 11: Quality of life SF‐36 mental ‐ medium term
2.12
2.12. Analysis
Comparison 2: Psychological intervention versus psychological intervention/clinical management, Outcome 12: Quality of life SF‐36 physical ‐ long term
2.13
2.13. Analysis
Comparison 2: Psychological intervention versus psychological intervention/clinical management, Outcome 13: Quality of life SF‐36 mental ‐ long term
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3: Pharmacological intervention versus placebo, Outcome 1: Depression symptoms ‐ short term
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3: Pharmacological intervention versus placebo, Outcome 2: Depression symptoms change score ‐ short term
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3: Pharmacological intervention versus placebo, Outcome 3: Depression remission ‐ short term
3.4
3.4. Analysis
Comparison 3: Pharmacological intervention versus placebo, Outcome 4: Depression response ‐ short term
3.5
3.5. Analysis
Comparison 3: Pharmacological intervention versus placebo, Outcome 5: All‐cause mortality ‐ short term
3.6
3.6. Analysis
Comparison 3: Pharmacological intervention versus placebo, Outcome 6: All‐cause mortality ‐ long term
3.7
3.7. Analysis
Comparison 3: Pharmacological intervention versus placebo, Outcome 7: Cardiovascular mortality ‐ long term
3.8
3.8. Analysis
Comparison 3: Pharmacological intervention versus placebo, Outcome 8: Myocardial infarction ‐ short term
3.9
3.9. Analysis
Comparison 3: Pharmacological intervention versus placebo, Outcome 9: Myocardial infarction ‐ long term
3.10
3.10. Analysis
Comparison 3: Pharmacological intervention versus placebo, Outcome 10: Angina ‐ short term
3.11
3.11. Analysis
Comparison 3: Pharmacological intervention versus placebo, Outcome 11: Heart failure ‐ short term
3.12
3.12. Analysis
Comparison 3: Pharmacological intervention versus placebo, Outcome 12: Arrhythmia ‐ short term
3.13
3.13. Analysis
Comparison 3: Pharmacological intervention versus placebo, Outcome 13: Stroke ‐ short term
3.14
3.14. Analysis
Comparison 3: Pharmacological intervention versus placebo, Outcome 14: Coronary revascularisation procedure ‐ long term
3.15
3.15. Analysis
Comparison 3: Pharmacological intervention versus placebo, Outcome 15: Healthcare costs ‐ short term
3.16
3.16. Analysis
Comparison 3: Pharmacological intervention versus placebo, Outcome 16: Hospitalisations ‐ short term
3.17
3.17. Analysis
Comparison 3: Pharmacological intervention versus placebo, Outcome 17: Emergency department visits ‐ short term
3.18
3.18. Analysis
Comparison 3: Pharmacological intervention versus placebo, Outcome 18: Quality of life Q‐LES‐Q ‐ short term
3.19
3.19. Analysis
Comparison 3: Pharmacological intervention versus placebo, Outcome 19: Quality of life WHOQOL‐BREF Physical ‐ short term
3.20
3.20. Analysis
Comparison 3: Pharmacological intervention versus placebo, Outcome 20: Quality of life WHOQOL‐BREF Psychological ‐ short term
3.21
3.21. Analysis
Comparison 3: Pharmacological intervention versus placebo, Outcome 21: Quality of life WHOQOL‐BREF Social relationships ‐ short term
3.22
3.22. Analysis
Comparison 3: Pharmacological intervention versus placebo, Outcome 22: Quality of life WHOQOL‐BREF Environmental ‐ short term
3.23
3.23. Analysis
Comparison 3: Pharmacological intervention versus placebo, Outcome 23: Quality of life WHOQOL‐BREF Physical ‐ medium term
3.24
3.24. Analysis
Comparison 3: Pharmacological intervention versus placebo, Outcome 24: Quality of life WHOQOL‐BREF Psychological ‐ medium term
3.25
3.25. Analysis
Comparison 3: Pharmacological intervention versus placebo, Outcome 25: Quality of life WHOQOL‐BREF Social Relationships ‐ medium term
3.26
3.26. Analysis
Comparison 3: Pharmacological intervention versus placebo, Outcome 26: Quality of life WHOQOL‐BREF Environmental ‐ medium term
3.27
3.27. Analysis
Comparison 3: Pharmacological intervention versus placebo, Outcome 27: Systolic BP ‐ short term
3.28
3.28. Analysis
Comparison 3: Pharmacological intervention versus placebo, Outcome 28: Diastolic BP ‐ short term
3.29
3.29. Analysis
Comparison 3: Pharmacological intervention versus placebo, Outcome 29: Heart rate ‐ short term
3.30
3.30. Analysis
Comparison 3: Pharmacological intervention versus placebo, Outcome 30: Platelet biomarker βTG ‐ short term
3.31
3.31. Analysis
Comparison 3: Pharmacological intervention versus placebo, Outcome 31: Platelet biomarker PF4 ‐ short term
3.32
3.32. Analysis
Comparison 3: Pharmacological intervention versus placebo, Outcome 32: Platelet biomarker P‐selectin ‐ short term
3.33
3.33. Analysis
Comparison 3: Pharmacological intervention versus placebo, Outcome 33: Platelet biomarker PECAM‐1 ‐ short term
3.34
3.34. Analysis
Comparison 3: Pharmacological intervention versus placebo, Outcome 34: Platelet biomarker TxB 2 ‐ short term
3.35
3.35. Analysis
Comparison 3: Pharmacological intervention versus placebo, Outcome 35: ECG PR interval ‐ short term
3.36
3.36. Analysis
Comparison 3: Pharmacological intervention versus placebo, Outcome 36: ECG QRS interval ‐ short term
3.37
3.37. Analysis
Comparison 3: Pharmacological intervention versus placebo, Outcome 37: ECG QT interval ‐ short term
3.38
3.38. Analysis
Comparison 3: Pharmacological intervention versus placebo, Outcome 38: ECG QTc interval ‐ short term
3.39
3.39. Analysis
Comparison 3: Pharmacological intervention versus placebo, Outcome 39: Non‐cardiac adverse events and side effects ‐ short term
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4: Pharmacological intervention versus pharmacological intervention, Outcome 1: Depression symptoms ‐ short term
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4: Pharmacological intervention versus pharmacological intervention, Outcome 2: Depression symptoms change score ‐ short term
4.3
4.3. Analysis
Comparison 4: Pharmacological intervention versus pharmacological intervention, Outcome 3: Depression remission ‐ short term
4.4
4.4. Analysis
Comparison 4: Pharmacological intervention versus pharmacological intervention, Outcome 4: Depression response ‐ short term
4.5
4.5. Analysis
Comparison 4: Pharmacological intervention versus pharmacological intervention, Outcome 5: All‐cause mortality ‐ short term
4.6
4.6. Analysis
Comparison 4: Pharmacological intervention versus pharmacological intervention, Outcome 6: Myocardial infarction ‐ short term
4.7
4.7. Analysis
Comparison 4: Pharmacological intervention versus pharmacological intervention, Outcome 7: Angina ‐ short term
4.8
4.8. Analysis
Comparison 4: Pharmacological intervention versus pharmacological intervention, Outcome 8: Heart failure ‐ short term
4.9
4.9. Analysis
Comparison 4: Pharmacological intervention versus pharmacological intervention, Outcome 9: Arrhythmia ‐ short term
4.10
4.10. Analysis
Comparison 4: Pharmacological intervention versus pharmacological intervention, Outcome 10: Coronary revascularisation procedure ‐ short term
4.11
4.11. Analysis
Comparison 4: Pharmacological intervention versus pharmacological intervention, Outcome 11: Emergency department visits ‐ short term
4.12
4.12. Analysis
Comparison 4: Pharmacological intervention versus pharmacological intervention, Outcome 12: Systolic BP ‐ short term
4.13
4.13. Analysis
Comparison 4: Pharmacological intervention versus pharmacological intervention, Outcome 13: Diastolic BP ‐ short term
4.14
4.14. Analysis
Comparison 4: Pharmacological intervention versus pharmacological intervention, Outcome 14: Heart rate ‐ short term
4.15
4.15. Analysis
Comparison 4: Pharmacological intervention versus pharmacological intervention, Outcome 15: ECG PR interval ‐ short term
4.16
4.16. Analysis
Comparison 4: Pharmacological intervention versus pharmacological intervention, Outcome 16: ECG QRS interval ‐ short term
4.17
4.17. Analysis
Comparison 4: Pharmacological intervention versus pharmacological intervention, Outcome 17: ECG QTc interval ‐ short term
4.18
4.18. Analysis
Comparison 4: Pharmacological intervention versus pharmacological intervention, Outcome 18: Non‐cardiac adverse events and side effects ‐ short term
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Update of

References

References to studies included in this review

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MIND‐IT 2007 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Honig A, Kuyper AM, Schene AH, Melle JP, Jonge P, Tulner DM, et al. Treatment of post-myocardial infarction depressive disorder: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial with mirtazapine. Psychosomatic Medicine 2007;69:606-13. - PubMed
    1. Schins A, Hamuly KK, Scharp S, Lousberg R, Van Melle J, Crijns H, et al. Whole blood serotonin and platelet activation in depressed post-myocardial infarction patients. Life Sciences 2004;76(6):637-50. - PubMed
    1. Van den Brink RH, Melle JP, Honig A, Schene AH, Crijns HJ, Lambert FP, et al. Treatment of depression after myocardial infarction and the effects on cardiac prognosis and quality of life: rationale and outline of the Myocardial INfarction and Depression-Intervention Trial (MIND-IT). American Heart Journal 2002;144:219-25. - PubMed
    1. Van Melle JP, Jonge P, Honig A, Schene AH, Kuyper AM, Crijns HJ, et al. Effects of antidepressant treatment following myocardial infarction. British Journal of Psychiatry 2007;190:460-6. - PubMed
    1. Zuidersma M, Conradi HJ, Melle JP, Ormel J, Jonge P. Depression treatment after myocardial infarction and long-term risk of subsequent cardiovascular events and mortality: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 2013;74:25-30. - PubMed
MoodCare 2011 {published data only}
    1. O'Neil A, Hawkes AL, Chan B, Sanderson K, Forbes A, Hollingsworth B, et al. A randomised, feasibility trial of a tele-health intervention for acute coronary syndrome patients with depression (’MoodCare’): study protocol. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders 2011;11:1471-2261. - PMC - PubMed
    1. O'Neil A, Taylor B, Hare DL, Sanderson K, Cyril S, Venugopal K, et al. Long-term efficacy of a tele-health intervention for acute coronary syndrome patients with depression: 12-month results of the MoodCare randomized controlled trial. Preventive Cardiology 2015;22:1111-20. - PubMed
    1. O'Neil A, Taylor B, Sanderson K, Cyril S, Chan B, Hawkes AL, et al. Efficacy and feasibility of a tele-health intervention for acute coronary syndrome patients with depression: results of the “MoodCare” randomized controlled trial. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 2014;48:163-74. - PubMed
Pizzi 2009 {published data only}
    1. Pizzi C, Mancini S, Angeloni L, Fontana F, Costa GM. CORRIGENDUM: Effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor therapy on endothelial function and inflammatory markers in patients with coronary heart disease. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 2009;86:683. - PubMed
    1. Pizzi C, Mancini S, Angeloni L, Fontana F, Costa GM. Sertraline ameliorates endothelial dysfunction and inflammation in coronary heart disease patients with depression. European Heart Journal 2009;30(Suppl 1):520.
    1. Pizzi C, Mancini S, Angeloni L, Fontana F, Manzoli L, Costa GM. Effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor therapy on endothelial function and inflammatory markers in patients with coronary heart disease. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2009;86:527-32. - PubMed
Roose 1998 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Nelson JC, Kennedy JS, Pollock BG, Laghrissi-Thode F, Narayan M, Nobler MS, et al. Treatment of major depression with nortriptyline and paroxetine in patients with ischemic heart disease. American Journal of Psychiatry 1999;156:1024-8. - PubMed
    1. Pollock BG, Laghrissi-Thode F, Wagner WR. Evaluation of platelet activation in depressed patients with ischemic heart disease after paroxetine or nortriptyline treatment. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 2000;20(2):137-40. - PubMed
    1. Roose S, Pollock B, Kennedy J, Nelson J, Gergel I, McCafferty J. Paroxetine in the treatment of depressed patients with ischaemic heart disease. In: Sixth World Congress of Biological Psychiatry, Nice, France. June 22 27. 1997.
    1. Roose S, Pollock B, Kennedy J, Nelson J, McCafferty J, Gergel I. Paroxetine versus nortriptyline in ischemic disease. In: 150th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association San Diego, California, USA 17 22 May. 1997.
    1. Roose SP, Laghrissi-Thode F, Kennedy JS, Nelson JC, Bigger JT, Pollock BG, et al. Comparison of paroxetine and nortriptyline in depressed patients with ischemic heart disease. JAMA 1998;279:287-91. - PubMed
SADHART 2002 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Glassman AH, Bigger T Jr, Gaffney M. Psychiatric characteristics associated with long-term mortality among 361 patients having an acute coronary syndrome and major depression. Archives of General Psychiatry 2009;66:1022-9. - PubMed
    1. Glassman AH, O'Connor CM, Califf RM, Swedberg K, Schwartz P, Bigger JT Jr, et al. Sertraline treatment of major depression in patients with acute MI or unstable angina: ERRATUM. JAMA 2002;288(14):1720. - PubMed
    1. Glassman AH, O'Connor CM, Califf RM, Swedberg K, Schwartz P, Bigger JT Jr, et al. Sertraline treatment of major depression in patients with acute MI or unstable angina. JAMA 2002;288:701-9. - PubMed
    1. Lattanzio F, Cherubini A, Furneri G, Di Bari M, Marchionni N. Sertraline treatment for depression associated with acute coronary syndromes: a cost analysis from the viewpoint of the Italian healthcare system. Aging: Clinical and Experimental Research 2008;20(1):76-80. - PubMed
    1. O'Connor CM, Glassman AH, Harrison DJ. Pharmacoeconomic analysis of sertraline treatment of depression in patients with unstable angina or a recent myocardial infarction. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2005;66:346-52. - PubMed
Shahmansouri 2014 {published data only}
    1. Shahmansouri S, Farokhnia M, Abbasi SH, Kassaian SE, Tafti AA, Gougol A, et al. A randomized, double-blind, clinical trial comparing the efficacy and safety of Crocus sativus L. with fluoxetine for improving mild to moderate depression in post percutaneous coronary intervention patient. Journal of Affective Disorders 2013;155:216-22. - PubMed
SPIRR‐CAD 2011 {published data only}
    1. Albus C, Beutel ME, Deter H-C, Fritzsche K, Hellmich M, Jordan H, et al. A stepwise psychotherapy intervention for reducing risk in coronary artery disease (SPIRR-CAD) - rationale and design of a multicenter, randomized trial in depressed patients with CAD. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 2011;71:215-22. - PubMed
    1. Fangauf SV, Herbeck Belnap B, Meyer T, Albus C, Binder L, Deter H-C, et al. Associations of NT-proBNP and parameters of mental health in depressed coronary artery disease patients. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018;96:188-94. - PubMed
    1. Fritzsche K, Albus C, Jordan J, Beutel ME, Wiltink J, Herrmann-Lingen C. Individual and couple intervention for depressive coronary heart patients. Therapy manual, quality assurance and first experiences within the framework of a randomized controlled trial [Einzel- und Paarintervention für depressive Koronarpatienten. Therapiemanual, Qualitätssicherung und erste Erfahrungen im Rahmen einer randomisierten kontrollierten Interventionsstudie]. Psychotherapeut 2011;56:325-36.
    1. Herrmann-Lingen C, Beutel ME, Bosbach A, Deter H-C, Fritzsche K, Hellmich M, et al. A stepwise psychotherapy intervention for reducing risk in coronary artery disease (SPIRR-CAD): results of an observer-blinded, multicenter, randomized trial in depressed patients with coronary artery disease. Psychosomatic Medicine 2016;78:704-15. - PubMed
    1. ISRCTN76240576. A stepwise psychotherapy intervention for reducing risk in coronary artery disease - a randomised controlled trial (SPIRR-CAD). doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN76240576 (date assigned 27 March 2008).
Strik 2000 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Strik JJ, Honig A, Klinkenberg E, Dijkstra J, Jolles J. Cognitive performance following fluoxetine treatment in depressed patients post myocardial infarction. Acta Neuropsychiatrica 2006;18(1):1-6. - PubMed
    1. Strik JJ, Honig A, Lousberg R, Lousberg AH, Cheriex EC, Tuynman-Qua HG, et al. Efficacy and safety of fluoxetine in the treatment of patients with major depression after first myocardial infarction: findings from a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Psychosomatic Medicine 2000;62:783-9. - PubMed
    1. Strik JJ, Praag HM, Honig A. Depression after first myocardial infarction. A prospective study on incidence, prognosis, risk factors and treatment. Tijdschrift Voor Gerontologie en Geriatrie 2003;34(3):104-12. - PubMed
Tian 2016 {published data only}
    1. Tian X, Wang Q, Guo R, Xu L, Chen QM, Hou Y. Effects of paroxetine-mediated inhibition of GRK2 expression on depression and cardiovascular function in patients with myocardial infarction. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 2016;12:2333-41. - PMC - PubMed
TREATED‐ACS 2020 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Rafanelli C, Gostoli S, Buzzichelli S, Bergerone S, Gaita F, Roncuzzi R, et al. Results of the TREATED-ACS: a randomized controlled trial on the effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, combined with Well-Being Therapy, in improving depression and reducing cardiac risk among patients with acute coronary syndrome. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 2019;88(Suppl 1):106-7.
    1. Rafanelli C, Gostoli S, Buzzichelli S, Guidi J, Sirri L, Gallo P, et al. Sequential combination of cognitive-behavioral treatment and well-being therapy in depressed patients with acute coronary syndromes: a randomized controlled trial (TREATED-ACS Study). Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 2020;89(6):345-56. - PubMed
U‐CARE 2018 {published data only}
    1. Humphries SM, Wallert J, Norlund F, Held C, Olsson E. 12-month follow-up of the U-CARE heart trial: using internet-based cognitive behavioural therapy to treat patients experiencing depression and anxiety after myocardial infarction. In: 25th World Congress of the International College of Psychosomatic Medicine, ICPM 2019 Italy , editors(s). Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. Vol. 88. 2019.
    1. Humphries SM, Wallert J, Norlund F, Wallin E, Burell G, Essen L, et al. Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy for patients reporting symptoms of anxiety and depression after myocardial infarction: U-CARE Heart randomized controlled trial twelve-month follow-up. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2021;23:e25465. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Norlund F, Olsson EM, Burell G, Wallin E, Held C. Treatment of depression and anxiety with internet-based cognitive behavior therapy in patients with a recent myocardial infarction (U-CARE Heart): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2015;16:154. [DOI: 10.1186/s13063-015-0689-y] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Norlund F, Wallin E, Olsson EM, Wallert J, Burell G, Essen L, et al. Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy for symptoms of depression and anxiety among patients with a recent myocardial infarction: the U-CARE Heart randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology 2018;25(2 Suppl 1):S63-4. [DOI: 10.1177/2047487318786178] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Norlund F, Wallin E, Olsson EM, Wallert J, Burell G, Essen L, et al. Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy for symptoms of depression and anxiety among patients with a recent myocardial infarction: the U-CARE heart randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2018;20(3):e88. [DOI: 10.2196/jmir.9710] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
UPBEAT 2012 {published data only}
    1. Blumenthal JA, Sherwood A, Babyak MA, Watkins LL, Smith PJ, Hoffman BM, et al. Exercise and pharmacological treatment of depressive symptoms in patients with coronary heart disease: results from the UPBEAT (Understanding the Prognostic Benefits of Exercise and Antidepressant Therapy) study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2012;60:1053-63. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Blumenthal JA, Sherwood A, Rogers SD, Babyak MA, Doraiswamy PM, Watkins L, et al. Understanding prognostic benefits of exercise and antidepressant therapy for persons with depression and heart disease: the UPBEAT study - rationale, design, and methodological issues. Clinical Trials 2007;4:548-59. - PMC - PubMed
Wang 2020 {published data only}
    1. Wang Y, Liu YJ, Li F-E, Guo Z, Wang J, Comorbid Depression and Coronary Heart Disease Research Group of Cangzhou Central Hospital. A Chinese herbal formula shows beneficial effects on comorbid depression and coronary heart disease based on the philosophy of psycho-cardiology. Journal of Herbal Medicine 2020;19:100303. [CHICTR-INC: 17012872]
WIDeCAD 2017 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Bendig E, Bauereiss N, Buntrock C, Habibovic M, Ebert DD, Baumeister H. Lessons learned from an attempted randomized-controlled feasibility trial on “WIDeCAD” - an internet-based depression treatment for people living with coronary artery disease (CAD). Internet Interventions 2021;24:100375. - PMC - PubMed
Yang 2019 {published data only}
    1. Yang L, Wang X, Cui X. Patients' intensive telephone-based care program reduces depression in coronary artery disease patients and may contribute to favorable overall survival by decreasing depression. Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing 2019;34:236-43. - PubMed
Zarea 2014 {published data only}
    1. Zarea K, Maghsoudi S, Dashtebozorgi B, Hghighizadeh MH, Javadi M. The impact of Peplau's therapeutic communication model on anxiety and depression in patients candidate for coronary artery bypass. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health 2014;10:159-65. - PMC - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Abedimanesh 2017 {published data only}
    1. Abedimanesh N, Ostadrahimi A, Bathaie SZ, Abedimanesh S, Motlagh B, Jafarabadi MA, et al. Effects of saffron aqueous extract and its main constituent, crocin, on health-related quality of life, depression, and sexual desire in coronary artery disease patients: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal 2017;19:e13676.
ACHD‐CARE 2015 {published data only}
    1. Kovacs AH, Bandyopadhyay M, Grace SL, Kentner AC, Nolan RP, Silversides CK, et al. Adult congenital heart disease-coping and resilience (ACHD-CARE): rationale and methodology of a pilot randomized controlled trial. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2015;45:385-93. - PubMed
    1. Kovacs AH, Grace SL, Kentner AC, Nolan RP, Silversides CK, Irvine MJ. Feasibility and outcomes in a pilot randomized controlled trial of a psychosocial intervention for adults with congenital heart disease. Canadian Journal of Cardiology 2018;34:766-73. - PubMed
ACTonHEART 2014 {published data only}
    1. Spatola CA, Manzoni GM, Castelnuovo G, Malfatto G, Facchini M, Goodwin CL, et al. The ACTonHEART study: rationale and design of a randomized controlled clinical trial comparing a brief intervention based on Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to usual secondary prevention care of coronary heart disease. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 2014;12:22. - PMC - PubMed
Beating Heart Problems 2014 {published data only}
    1. Turner A, Murphy BM, Higgins RO, Elliott PC, Le Grande MR, Goble AJ, et al. An integrated secondary prevention group programme reduces depression in cardiac patients. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology 2014;21:153-62. - PubMed
Black 1998 {published data only}
    1. Black JL, Allison TG, Williams DE, Rummans TA, Gau GT. Effect of intervention for psychological distress on rehospitalization rates in cardiac rehabilitation patients. Psychosomatics 1998;39:134-43. - PubMed
Boese 2013 {published data only}
    1. Boese A, Bock S, Kielblock B, Siegmund-Schultze E, Kröner-Herwig B, Herrmann-Lingen C. Randomised controlled trial of a telephone-based peer support intervention to reduce depressive symptoms and improve social support in women with CHD. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 2013;74:539-62.
BraveHeart 2013 {published data only}
    1. Hambridge JA, Turner A, Baker AL. BraveHeart begins: pilot results of group cognitive behaviour therapy for depression and anxiety in cardiac patients. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 2009;43:1171–7. - PubMed
    1. Turner A, Hambridge J, Baker A, Bowman J, McElduff P. Randomised controlled trial of group cognitive behaviour therapy versus brief intervention for depression in cardiac patients. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 2013;47:235-43. - PubMed
Bucknall 1988 {published data only}
    1. Bucknall C, Brooks D, Curry PVL, Bridges PK, Bouras N, Ankier SI. Mianserin and trazodone for cardiac patients with depression. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1988;33:565-9. - PubMed
BY.PASS Study 2013 {published data only}
    1. Rosendahl J, Tigges-Limmer K, Gummert J, Dziewas R, Albes JM, Strauss B. Bypass surgery with psychological and spiritual support (the BY.PASS Study): results of a pragmatic trial based on patients' preference. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 2013;82:35-44. - PubMed
CADENCE 2016 {published data only}
    1. Richards SH, Campbell JL, Dickens C, Anderson R, Gandhi M, Gibson A, et al. A feasibility study and pilot RCT to establish methods for assessing the acceptability, and clinical effectiveness and cost effectiveness of enhanced psychological care in cardiac rehabilitation services for patients with new onset depression compared with treatment as usual: the CADENCE Study. Health Technology Assessments 2017;22:1-220. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Richards SH, Campbell JL, Dickens C, Anderson R, Gandhi M, Gibson A, et al. Enhanced psychological care in cardiac rehabilitation services for patients with new-onset depression: the CADENCE feasibility study and pilot RCT. Health Technology Assessment 2018;22(30):1-220. [DOI: 10.3310/hta22300] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Richards SH, Dickens C, Anderson R, Richards DA, Taylor RS, Ukoumunne OC, et al. Assessing the effectiveness of Enhanced Psychological Care for patients with depressive symptoms attending cardiac rehabilitation compared with treatment as usual (CADENCE): a pilot cluster randomised controlled trial. Trials 2018;19(1):211. [DOI: 10.1186/s13063-018-2576-9] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Richards SH, Dickens C, Anderson R, Richards DA, Taylor RS, Ukoumunne OC, et al. Assessing the effectiveness of enhanced psychological care for patients with depressive symptoms attending cardiac rehabilitation compared with treatment as usual (CADENCE) : study protocol for a pilot cluster randomised controlled trial. Trials 2016;17(1):59. [DOI: 10.1186/s13063-016-1184-9] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Winder R, Richards SH, Campbell JL, Richards DA, Dickens C, Gandhi M, et al. Development and refinement of a complex intervention within cardiac rehabilitation services: experiences from the CADENCE feasibility study. Pilot and Feasibility Studies 2017;3(1):9. - PMC - PubMed
Carney 2012 {published data only}
    1. Carney RM, Freedland KE, Steinmeyer BC, Rubin EH, Ewald G. Collaborative care for depression symptoms in an outpatient cardiology setting: a randomized clinical trial. International Journal of Cardiology 2016;219:164–71. [NCT: 01552889] - PMC - PubMed
Carney 2019 {published data only}
    1. Carney RM, Freedland KE, Rubin EH, Rich MW, Steinmeyer BC, Harris WS. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of omega-3 and sertraline in depressed patients with or at risk for coronary heart disease. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2019;80:19m12742. - PMC - PubMed
CHAMPS 2016 {published data only}
    1. Tully PJ, Turnbull DA, Horowitz JD, Beltrame JF, Selkow T, Baune BT, et al. Cardiovascular health in anxiety or mood problems study (CHAMPS): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2016;17:18. - PMC - PubMed
Chang 2020 {published data only}
    1. Chang Z, Guo A, Zhou A, Sun TW, Ma LL, Gardiner FW, et al. Nurse-led psychological intervention reduces anxiety symptoms and improves quality of life following percutaneous coronary intervention for stable coronary artery disease. Australian Journal of Rural Health 2020;28:124-31. - PubMed
Child 2010 {published data only}
    1. Child A, Sanders J, Sigel P, Hunter MS. Meeting the psychological needs of cardiac patients: an integrated stepped-care approach within a cardiac rehabilitation setting. British Journal of Cardiology 2010;17:175-9.
CHIP 2011 {published data only}
    1. Thieszen CL, Merrill RM, Aldana SG, Diehl HA, Mahoney ML, Greenlaw RL, et al. The coronary health improvement project (CHIP) for lowering weight and improving psychosocial health. Psychological Reports 2011;109:338-52. - PubMed
Chung 2010 {published data only}
    1. Chung LJ, Tsai PS, Liu BY, Chou KR, Lin WH, Shyu YK, et al. Home-based deep breathing for depression in patients with coronary heart disease: a randomised controlled trial. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2010;47:1346-53. - PubMed
CODIACS 2013 {published data only}
    1. Davidson KW, Bigger JT, Burg MM, Carney RM, Chaplin WF, Czajkowski S, et al. Centralized, stepped, patient preference based, depression treatment for patients after acute coronary syndrome. CODIACS vanguard randomized controlled trial. European Heart Journal 2013;173:997-1004. - PMC - PubMed
COINCIDE 2012 {published data only}
    1. Coventry PA, Lovell K, Dickens C, Bower P, Chew-Graham C, Cherrington A, et al. Collaborative Interventions for Circulation and Depression (COINCIDE): study protocol for a cluster randomized controlled trial of collaborative care for depression in people with diabetes and/or coronary heart disease. Trials 2012;13:139. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Coventry PA, Lovell K, Dickens C, Bower P, Chew-Graham C, Cherrington A, et al. Update on the collaborative interventions for circulation and depression (COINCIDE) trial: changes to planned methodology of a cluster randomized controlled trial of collaborative care for depression in people with diabetes and/or coronary heart disease. Trials 2013;14:136. - PMC - PubMed
COPES 2010 {published data only}
    1. Burg MM, Lespérance F, Rieckmann N, Clemow L, Skotzko C, Davidson KW. Treating persistent depressive symptoms in post-ACS patients: the project COPES phase-I randomized controlled trial. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2008;29:231-40. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Davidson KW, Rieckmann N, Clemow L, Schwartz JE, Shimbo D, Medina V, et al. Enhanced depression care for patients with acute coronary syndrome and persistent depressive symptoms. Archives of Internal Medicine 2010;170:600-8. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Kronish IM, Chaplin WF, Rieckmann N, Burg MM, Davidson KW. The effect of enhanced depression care on anxiety symptoms in acute coronary syndrome patients: findings from the COPES trial. Psychotherapy & Psychosomatics 2012;81:245-7. [DOI: 10.1159/000332439] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Kronish IM, Rieckmann N, Burg MM, Edmondson D, Schwartz JE, Davidson KW. The effect of enhanced depression care on adherence to risk-reducing behaviors after acute coronary syndromes: findings from the COPES trial. American Heart Journal 2012;164:524-9. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Ye S, Shaffer JA, Rieckmann N, Schwartz JE, Kronish IM, Ladapo JA, et al. Long-term outcomes of enhanced depression treatment in patients with acute coronary ayndromes. American Journal of Medicine 2014;127:1012-6. - PMC - PubMed
Doering 2013 {published data only}
    1. Doering LV, Chen B, Bodán RC, Magsarili MC, Nyamathi A, Irwin MR. Early cognitive behavioral therapy for depression after cardiac surgery. Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing 2013;28:370-9. - PMC - PubMed
ENHANCED 2016 {published data only}
    1. Blumenthal JA, Sherwood A, Smith PJ, Watkins L, Mabe S, Kraus WE, et al. Enhancing cardiac rehabilitation with stress management training: a randomized, clinical efficacy trial. Circulation 2016;133:1341-50. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Smith PJ, Sherwood A, Mabe S, Watkins L, Hinderliter A, Blumenthal JA. Physical activity and psychosocial function following cardiac rehabilitation: one-year follow-up of the ENHANCED study. General Hospital Psychiatry 2017;49:32-6. - PMC - PubMed
Fu 2006 {published data only}
    1. Fu YX, Meng HQ, Luo QH. Interventional effect of fluoxetine on patients with acute myocardial infarction accompanied by anxiety and depression. Chinese Journal of Clinical Rehabilitation 2006;10:16-7.
Giltay 2011 {published data only}
    1. Giltay EJ, Geleijnse JM, Kromhout D. Effects of n-3 fatty acids on depressive symptoms and dispositional optimism after myocardial infarction. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2011;94:1442-50. - PMC - PubMed
González‐Jaimes 2003 {published data only}
    1. Gonzalez-Jaimes EI, Turnbull-Plaza B. Selection of psychotherapeutic treatment for adjustment disorder with depressive mood due to acute myocardial infarction. Archives of Medical Research 2003;34:298-304. - PubMed
Haberka 2013 {published data only}
    1. Haberka M, Mizia-Stec K, Mizia M, Gieszczyk K, Chmiel A, Sitnik-Warchulska K, et al. Effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on depressive symptoms, anxiety and emotional state in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Pharmacological Reports 2013;65:59-68. - PubMed
Haybar 2018 {published data only}
    1. Haybar H, Javid AZ, Haghighizadeh MH, Valizadeh E, Mohaghegh SM, Mohammadzadeh A. The effects of Melissa officinalis supplementation on depression, anxiety, stress, and sleep disorder in patients with chronic stable angina. Clinical Nutrition ESPEN 2018;26:47-52. - PubMed
Huffman 2011 {published data only}
    1. Huffman JC, Mastromauro CA, Sowden GL, Wittmann C, Rodman R, Januzzi JL. A collaborative care depression management program for cardiac inpatients: depression characteristics and in-hospital outcomes. Psychosomatics 2011;52:26-33. - PubMed
I‐CARE 2018 {published data only}
    1. Li S, Blumenthal JA, Shi C, Millican D, Li X, Du X, et al. I-CARE randomized clinical trial integrating depression and acute coronary syndrome care in low-resource hospitals in China: design and rationale. American Heart Journal 2018;202:109-15. [NCT: 02195193] - PubMed
InterHerz 2012 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Messerli-Bürgy N, Barth J, Berger T. The InterHerz project - a web-based psychological treatment for cardiac patients with depression: study protocol of a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2012;13:245. - PMC - PubMed
Jang 2018 {published data only}
    1. Jang SH, Lee JH, Lee HJ, Lee SY. Effects of mindfulness-based art therapy on psychological symptoms in patients with coronary artery disease. Journal of Korean Medical Science 2018;33(12):e88. [DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2018.33.e88] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Kachkovskii 2006 {published data only}
    1. Kachkovskii MA, Kriukov NN. Treatment of depression in patients with myocardial infarction with tianeptine. Kardiologiia 2006;46:21-6. - PubMed
Keeping‐Burke 2013 {published data only}
    1. Keeping-Burke L, Purden M, Frasure-Smith N, Cossette S, McCarthy F, Amsel R. Bridging the transition from hospital to home: effects of the VITAL telehealth program on recovery for CABG surgery patients and their caregivers. Research in Nursing & Health 2013;36:540-53. - PubMed
Li 2014 {published data only}
    1. Li CJ, Zhang G, Zhang Y, Cong H, Zhang BL. Clinical efficacy of Xinkeshu Pian on coronary heart disease and mood disorder complications after PCI. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2014;7:1887-90. - PMC - PubMed
Li 2020 {published data only}
    1. Li X, Yang S, Wang Y, Yang B, Zhang J. Effects of a transtheoretical model-based intervention and motivational interviewing on the management of depression in hospitalized patients with coronary heart disease: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2020;20:420. - PMC - PubMed
Liang 2019 {published data only}
    1. Liang H, Liu L, Hu H. The effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction on the mental states, sleep quality, and medication compliance of patients with acute myocardial infarction after percutaneous coronary intervention. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2019;12:13514-23.
Lin 2014 {published data only}
    1. Lin EH, Korff M, Peterson D, Ludman EJ, Ciechanowski P, Katon W. Population targeting and durability of multimorbidity collaborative care management. American Journal of Managed Care 2014;20:887-95. - PMC - PubMed
Lv 2016 {published data only}
    1. Lv J, Zhang X, Ou S, Gu S, Su Z, Tong S, et al. Influence of cognitive behavioral therapy on mood and quality of life after stent implantation in young and middle-aged patients with coronary heart disease. International Heart Journal 2016;57:167-72. - PubMed
Ma 2010 {published data only}
    1. Ma W, Hu D, Liu G, Jiang J, Deng B, Liu R, et al. Effect of patient-specific intervention of depression on quality of life after acute coronary syndrome. Circulation 2010;122:251.
Malik 2002 {published data only}
    1. Malik NA. Comparison of treatment to influence depression as a risk factor for ischemic heart disease with new generation antidepressants. In: XII World Congress of Psychiatry, Yokohama, Japan. Aug 24 9, 2002.
Mazereeuw 2016 {published data only}
    1. Mazereeuw G, Herrmann N, Oh PI, Ma DW, Wang CT, Kiss A, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids, depressive symptoms, and cognitive performance in patients with coronary artery disease: analyses from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 2016;36(5):436-44. [CLINICALTRIALS.GOV ID: NCT00981383] - PMC - PubMed
MindfulHeart 2014 {published data only}
    1. Nyklíček I, Dijksman S, Lenders P, Fonteijn W, Koolen J. A brief mindfulness based intervention for increase in emotional well-being and quality of life in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) patients: the MindfulHeart randomized controlled trial. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 2014;37:135-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s10865-012-9475-4] - DOI - PubMed
Mohapatra 2005 {published data only}
    1. Mohapatra PK, Kar N, Kar GC, Behera M. Effectiveness of sertraline in treatment of depression in a consecutive sample of patients with acute myocardial infarction: six month prospective study on outcome. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health 2005;1:26. - PMC - PubMed
MOSAIC 2013 {published data only}
    1. Huffman JC, Beach SR, Suarez L, Mastromauro CA, DuBois CM, Celano CM, et al. Design and baseline data from the Management of Sadness and Anxiety in Cardiology (MOSAIC) randomized controlled trial. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2013;36:488-501. - PubMed
MOTIV‐CABG 2013 {published data only}
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Oranta 2010 {published data only}
    1. Oranta O, Luutonen S, Salokangas RK, Vahlberg T, Leino-Kilpi H. Depression-focused interpersonal counseling and the use of healthcare services after myocardial infarction. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care 2012;48:47-55. - PubMed
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O’Doherty 2015 {published data only}
    1. O’Doherty V, Carr A, McGrann A, O’Neill JO, Dinan S, Graham I, et al. A controlled evaluation of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for patients with coronary heart disease and depression. Mindfulness 2014;6:405–16.
Park 2013 {published data only}
    1. Park JH, Tahk SJ, Bae SH, Son YJ. Effects of a psychoeducational intervention for secondary prevention in Korean patients with coronary artery disease: a pilot study. International Journal of Nursing Practice 2013;19:295-305. - PubMed
PATHWAY Group MCT {published data only}
    1. Wells A, McNicol K, Reeves D, Salmon P, Davies L, Heagerty A, et al. Improving the effectiveness of psychological interventions for depression and anxiety in the cardiac rehabilitation pathway using group-based metacognitive therapy (PATHWAY Group MCT): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2018;19(1):215. [DOI: 10.1186/s13063-018-2593-8] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
PATHWAY Home MCT {published data only}
    1. Wells A, McNicol K, Reeves D, Salmon P, Davies L, Heagerty A, et al. Metacognitive therapy home-based self-help for cardiac rehabilitation patients experiencing anxiety and depressive symptoms: study protocol for a feasibility randomised controlled trial (PATHWAY Home-MCT). Trials 2018;19(1):444. [CLINICALTRIALS.GOV:: NCT03129282] [DOI: 10.1186/s13063-018-2826-x] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Pogosova 2004 {published data only}
    1. Pogosova GV, Zhidko NI, Krasnitsky VB, Tikhomirova EA, Odintsova AS, Akhmedjanov NM, et al. Clinical efficacy of tianeptine in patients with ischemic heart disease and comorbid depression. Kardiologiia 2004;44:20-4. - PubMed
Pogosova 2009 {published data only}
    1. Pogosova GV, Koltunov IE, Karpova AV, Eliseeva NA, Sapunova ID. Clinical efficacy of escitalopram in patients with ischemic heart disease and comorbid depression. Kardiologiia 2009;49:4-8. - PubMed
Rakowska 2015 {published data only}
    1. Rakowska JM. Brief strategic therapy in first myocardial infarction patients with increased levels of stress: a randomized clinical trial. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping 2015;28(6):687-705. - PubMed
Rollman 2009 {published data only}
    1. Donohue JM, Belnap BH, Men A, He F, Roberts MS, Schulberg HC, et al. Twelve-month cost-effectiveness of telephone-delivered collaborative care for treating depression following CABG surgery: a randomized controlled trial. General Hospital Psychiatry 2014;36(5):453-9. - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Rollman BL, Belnap BH, LeMenager MS, Mazumdar S, Schulberg HC, Reynolds CF 3rd. The Bypassing the Blues treatment protocol: stepped collaborative care for treating post-CABG depression. Psychosomatic Medicine 2009;71:217-30. - PMC - PubMed
Schneider 2020 {published data only}18912772
    1. Schneider LH, Hadjistavropoulos HD, Dear BF, Titov N. Efficacy of internet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy following an acute coronary event: a randomized controlled trial. Internet Interventions 2020;21:100324. - PMC - PubMed
Schrader 2005 {published data only}
    1. Cheok F, Schrader G, Banham D, Marker J, Hordacre AL. Identification, course, and treatment of depression after admission for a cardiac condition: rationale and patient characteristics for the Identifying Depression As a Comorbid Condition (IDACC) project. American Heart Journal 2003;146:978-84. - PubMed
    1. Schrader G, Cheok F, Hordacre AL, Marker J, Wade V. Effect of psychiatry liaison with general practitioners on depression severity in recently hospitalised cardiac patients: a randomised controlled trial. Medical Journal of Australia 2005;182:272-6. - PubMed
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Sogolitappeh 2009 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Sogolitappeh FN, Aliloo MM, Kheyroddin JB, Tabrizi MT. Effectiveness of group life skills training on decreasing anxiety and depression among heart patients, after bypass surgery. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology 2009;15:50-6.
Soucy 2019 {published data only}
    1. Soucy I, Provencher MD, Fortier M, McFadden T. Secondary outcomes of the guided self-help behavioral activation and physical activity for depression trial. Journal of Mental Health 2019;28(4):410–8. - PubMed
STEP‐IN‐AMI‐2013 {published data only}
    1. Roncella A, Giornetti A, Cianfrocca C, Pasceri V, Pelliccia F, Denollet J, et al. Rationale and trial design of a randomized, controlled study on short-term psychotherapy after acute myocardial infarction: the STEP-IN-AMI trial (short term psychotherapy in acute myocardial infarction). Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine 2009;10:947-452. - PubMed
    1. Roncella A, Pristipino C, Cianfrocca C, Scorza S, Pasceri V, Pelliccia F, et al. One-year results of the randomized, controlled, short-term psychotherapy in acute myocardial infarction (STEP-IN-AMI) trial. International Journal of Cardiology 2013;170:132-9. - PubMed
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    1. Stern MJ, Gorman PA, Kaslow L. The group counseling v exercise therapy study. A controlled intervention with subjects following myocardial infarction. Archives of Internal Medicine 1983;143:1719-25. - PubMed
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SU.FOL.OM3 2012 {published data only}
    1. Andreeva VA, Galan P, Torrès M, Julia C, Hercberg S, Kesse-Guyot E. Supplementation with B vitamins or N-3 fatty acids and depressive symptoms in cardiovascular disease survivors: ancillary findings from the SUpplementation with FOLate, vitamins B-6 and B-12 and/or OMega-3 fatty acids (SU.FOL.OM3) randomized trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2012;96:208-14. - PubMed
SUPRIM 2011 {published data only}
    1. Gulliksson M, Burell G, Vessby B, Lundin L, Toss H, Svärdsudd K. Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy vs standard treatment to prevent recurrent cardiovascular events in patients with coronary heart disease: secondary prevention in Uppsala primary health care project (SUPRIM). Archives of Internal Medicine 2011;171:134-40. - PubMed
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TEAMcare 2010 {published data only}
    1. Katon W, Lin EH, Von Korff M, Ciechanowski P, Ludman E, Young B, et al. Integrating depression and chronic disease care among patients with diabetes and/or coronary heart disease: the design of the TEAMcare study. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2010;31:312-22. - PMC - PubMed
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UPBEAT‐UK 2014 {published data only}
    1. Barley EA, Walters P, Haddad M, Phillips R, Achilla E, McCrone P, et al. The UPBEAT Nurse-Delivered Personalized Care Intervention for People with Coronary Heart Disease Who Report Current Chest Pain and Depression: A Randomised Controlled Pilot Study. PLoS ONE 2014;9:e98704. - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Compare A, Kouloulias V, Apostolos V, Peña WM, Molinari E, Grossi E, et al. WELL.ME - Wellbeing therapy based on real-time personalized mobile architecture, vs. cognitive therapy, to reduce psychological distress and promote healthy lifestyle in cardiovascular disease patients: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2012;13:157. - PMC - PubMed
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References to studies awaiting assessment

Ahangarezaiezadeh 2017 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Ahangarezaiezadeh S, Oladrostam N, Nemotplahi A. The effect of positive thinking on stress, anxiety and depression in coronary heart disease. Nursing and Midwifery Journal 2017;15:339-48.
    1. IRCT2016022026347N2. The effect of positive thinking on stress, anxiety and depression in coronary patients. www.who.int/trialsearch/trial2.aspx?Trialid=irct2016022026347n2 (first received 13 July 2016).
Cai 2012 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Cai JM, Xie DY. Clinical analysis on deanxit treating unstable angina patients with anxiety-depression. Heart 2012;98 Suppl 2:GW23-e1783.
CoroDep 2019 {published data only}
    1. NCT03841474. The changes in functional recovery and brain neurotrophic factor six months after percutaneous coronary intervention in cardiovascular patients with depression. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03841474 (first received 15 February 2019). [NCT: 03841474]
Gu 2017 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Gu Y, Zhu Y. Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction on markers of cardiovascular risk in patients with ischemic heart disease a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2017;70(16):C166. [DOI: DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.07.592]

References to ongoing studies

Ahmadi 2018 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. IRCT20180312039056N2. Effectiveness of rumination-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy on improvement depression and anxiety in patients with coronary heart disease. trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20180312039056N2 (first received 14 October 2018).
Ardakani 2020 {published data only}IRCT20140126016374N2
    1. IRCT20140126016374N2. The study of of escitalopram's effectiveness on treatment of mild to moderate depressive disorder and improvement of quality of life in patients who are undergone coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) – a randomized double blind placebo controlled trial. en.irct.ir/trial/49571?revision=159827 (first received 11 November 2020). [IRCT: 20140126016374N2]
COMBAT‐DS 2021 {published data only}
    1. NCT04986969. Online Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Depressive Symptoms in Rural Patients With Cardiac Disease (COMBAT-DS). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04986969 (first received 3 August 2021).
eMindYourHeart 2021 {published data only}
    1. Pedersen SS, Andersen CM, Ahm R, Skovbakke SJ, Kok R, Helmark C, et al. Efficacy and cost-effectiveness of a therapist-assisted web-based intervention for depression and anxiety in patients with ischemic heart disease attending cardiac rehabilitation (eMindYourHeart trial): a randomised controlled trial protocol. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders 2021;21:20. [HTTPS://CLINICALTRIALS.GOV/: NCT04172974] - PMC - PubMed
Firouzjaei 2017 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. IRCT2017080835568N1. The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy on symptoms of depression, dysfunctional attitudes and level of social support in patients with cardiovascular disease. en.irct.ir/trial/26838 (first received 13 August 2017). [WHO CLINICAL TRIAL ID: IRCT2017080835568N1]
Geng 2018 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. ChiCTR1800014291. Effect of guanxin danshen dropping pill on clinical anxiety, depression, heart rate variability and cardiovascular prognosis in patients with coronary heart disease after PCI combined with anxiety or depression. trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ChiCTR1800014291 (first received 4 January 2018). [WHO CLINICAL TRIAL ID: chictr1800014291]
Hamzehpour 2020 {published data only}IRCT20190525043700N2
    1. Hamzehpour R. Comparison of bupropion and ecitalopram efficacy on depressive symptoms after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. en.irct.ir/trial/49626 (registration date 25 July 2020).
Irfan 2020 {published data only}
    1. NCT04347525. The effect of culturally adapted cognitive behaviour therapy (CaCBT)-based guided self help in depressed patients with myocardial infarction. A randomised controlled trial. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04347525 (first received 15 April 2020).
Jazayeri 2017 {published data only}IRCT201702262394N36
    1. Jazayeri S. Effect of hesperidin supplementation on depressive symptoms, serum levels of BDNF and cortisol in patients after myocardial infarction. www.irct.ir/trial/2090 (registration date 26 April 2017). [IRCT: 201702262394N36]
Luberto 2021 {published data only}
    1. MBCT via group videoconferencing for acute coronary syndrome patients with depressive symptoms: a pilot RCT. Ongoing study. April 2021. Contact author for more information.
Ma 2014 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Ma WL. The therapeutic effect of statins on patients with depression after acute coronary syndrome. trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ChiCTR-IPR-14005672 (date of registration 15 December 2014). [WHO CLINICAL TRIAL ID: ChiCTR-IPR-14005672]
Mohammadian 2018 {published data only}
    1. Mohammadian R. The efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy based on rumination on depression, anxiety and hostility in cardiac patients. https://www.irct.ir/trial/36370 (registration date 27 March 2019)).
Moudi 2016 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Moudi S. The efficacy of citalopram in depression and quality of life in the patients with cardiac disease. en.irct.ir/trial/19730 (registration date 30 September 2016). [WHO CLINICAL TRIAL ID: IRCT2016091722991N6]
Qiaoning 2019 {published data only}ChiCTR1900023457
    1. Effect of guanxindanshen dropping pills on quality of life and cardiovascular prognosis of patients with depression or anxiety after PCI for coronary heart disease. Ongoing study. 1 March 2017. Contact author for more information.
Sourizahi 2017 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Sourizahi M. Comparison of therapeutic effect of sertraline and supportive psychotherapy in comparison with placebo in coronary heart disease patients with mild to moderate depression. en.irct.ir/trial/27596 (registration date 26 December 2017). [WHO CLINICAL TRIAL ID: IRCT20171105037241N2]
Wang 2015 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Wang Z. Intervention study of the patients with mild depressive mood after percutaneous coronary intervention in the treatment of the patients with collateral vessels based on the hypothesis of. trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ChiCTR-INR-15007378 (date of registration 11 November 2015). [WHO CLINICAL TRIAL ID: ChiCTR-INR-15007378]
Yang 2020 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. The efficacy and safety of Ginkgo biloba dropping pills in the treatment of coronary heart disease with stable angina pectoris and depression. Ongoing study. 20 September 2020. Contact author for more information.

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References to other published versions of this review

Baumeister 2011c
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