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Review
. 2022:2412:145-178.
doi: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1892-9_8.

Developments in Vaccine Adjuvants

Farrhana Ziana Firdaus  1 , Mariusz Skwarczynski  1 , Istvan Toth  2   3   4
Affiliations
Review

Developments in Vaccine Adjuvants

Farrhana Ziana Firdaus et al. Methods Mol Biol. 2022.

Abstract

Vaccines, including subunit, recombinant, and conjugate vaccines, require the use of an immunostimulator/adjuvant for maximum efficacy. Adjuvants not only enhance the strength and longevity of immune responses but may also influence the type of response. In this chapter, we review the adjuvants that are available for use in human vaccines, such as alum, MF59, AS03, and AS01. We extensively discuss their composition, characteristics, mechanism of action, and effects on the immune system. Additionally, we summarize recent trends in adjuvant discovery, providing a brief overview of saponins, TLRs agonists, polysaccharides, nanoparticles, cytokines, and mucosal adjuvants.

Keywords: Adjuvants; Delivery systems; Immune stimulators; Innate and adaptive immunity; Nanoparticles; Subunit vaccines; Vaccination.

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