COVID-19: Invasion, pathogenesis and possible cure - A review

Abstract

Today, Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) which is believed to be transmitted from bats to humans where the people of Wuhan city, China exposed to the wet animal market is an important international public health anxiety (Xiong et al., 2020). Although, several measures were undertaken to treat the diseases by various medical advancements and by a variety of treatment procedures, still the mortality is higher. Hence, social distancing has been implemented to control the current outburst of this pandemic which spreads through human to human transmission. As a consequence, there is a need to completely understand the route of invasions of the virus into the humans and the target receptors besides the other factors leading to the disease. Several vaccines and drugs have been developed with its own pros and cons. Many are still under the various phase of R&D and clinical trials. Here we highlight the possible entry molecules, pathogenesis, symptomatology, probable cure and the recently developed vaccines for the existing pandemic due to the COVID-19.

Keywords: COVID-19; Coronavirus; Invasion; Pathogenesis; Vaccine.

Fig. 1

a), b) Structure of SARS-CoV-2 virus depicting the envelope small membrane protein (E), membrane protein (M), Nucleoprotein protein (N) and S- Spike glycoprotein, c) Spike protein (Trimer).

Fig. 2

Interaction between ACE-2 receptor and SARS- CoV-2.

Fig. 3

Flow chart depicting the Furin creating proteolytic activation.

Fig. 4

Interaction between GRP78 receptor and COVID-19.

Fig. 5

Flow chart depicting the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 virus explaining the possible entry points and their targets.