Social Norms, Agency, and Marriage Aspirations in Malawi

Abstract

Objective: We evaluate whether community norms, caregiver beliefs, and adolescents' own beliefs and perceptions, focused on early marriage, predict adolescent marriage aspirations in a low-income context.

Background: The processes that contribute to adolescent marriage aspiration formation have received little attention in low-income contexts, particularly sub-Saharan Africa. Understanding how marriage aspirations are formed is important because they are associated with critical education and health outcomes.

Method: Using data that links Malawian adolescents (N=2,089) with their caregivers (N=1,452), we analyze gender stratified ordered logistic regression models to examine key relationships.

Results: We show that community norms for youngest acceptable marriage age predict when boys want to marry, but do not find conclusive evidence that they predict when girls want to marry. We also show that adolescents who believe it is acceptable to marry at an early age are more likely to want to marry early themselves.

Conclusion: Both community norms and adolescents' own beliefs are central to the formation of their marriage aspirations.

Implications: We recommend that programs incorporate adolescent beliefs and perceptions when designing child marriage interventions and measuring their impact. We also recommend theory-driven measurement of community norms to better evaluate their impact on both marriage aspirations and marriage age.

Keywords: adolescence; gender; marriage.

Figure 1.

Conceptual framework for the relationship between social context and marriage aspirations.

Figure 2

a. Predicted probability graphs for marriage aspirations among boys Note: These figures show the predicted probability (y-axis) of belonging to a particular aspiration category (<=19, 20-24, 25+), in response to changes in the independent variable (x-axis) net of all other covariates, with 95% confidence intervals. For each figure, the sample includes adolescent boys in the Malawi Longitudinal Survey for Families and Health 2017-18 adolescent cohort, excluding missing values on covariates. b. Predicted probability graphs for marriage aspirations among girls, based on the final model (+ adolescent) presented in Table 2. Note: These figures show the predicted probability (y-axis) of belonging to a particular aspiration category (<=19, 20-24, 25+), in response to changes in the independent variable (x-axis) net of all other covariates, with 95% confidence intervals. For each figure, the sample includes adolescent girls in the Malawi Longitudinal Survey for Families and Health 2017-18 adolescent cohort, excluding missing values on covariates.

Figure 2

a. Predicted probability graphs for marriage aspirations among boys Note: These figures show the predicted probability (y-axis) of belonging to a particular aspiration category (<=19, 20-24, 25+), in response to changes in the independent variable (x-axis) net of all other covariates, with 95% confidence intervals. For each figure, the sample includes adolescent boys in the Malawi Longitudinal Survey for Families and Health 2017-18 adolescent cohort, excluding missing values on covariates. b. Predicted probability graphs for marriage aspirations among girls, based on the final model (+ adolescent) presented in Table 2. Note: These figures show the predicted probability (y-axis) of belonging to a particular aspiration category (<=19, 20-24, 25+), in response to changes in the independent variable (x-axis) net of all other covariates, with 95% confidence intervals. For each figure, the sample includes adolescent girls in the Malawi Longitudinal Survey for Families and Health 2017-18 adolescent cohort, excluding missing values on covariates.

Figure 3.. Findings summarized through the conceptual framework presented in Figure 1.

Note: Dotted lines indicate that the boxes are only significant for boys.