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. 2021 Dec 21;12(12):CD013139.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013139.pub2.

The comparative and added prognostic value of biomarkers to the Revised Cardiac Risk Index for preoperative prediction of major adverse cardiac events and all-cause mortality in patients who undergo noncardiac surgery

Lisette M Vernooij  1   2 , Wilton A van Klei  2   3 , Karel Gm Moons  1   4 , Toshihiko Takada  1 , Judith van Waes  2 , Johanna Aag Damen  1   4
Affiliations

The comparative and added prognostic value of biomarkers to the Revised Cardiac Risk Index for preoperative prediction of major adverse cardiac events and all-cause mortality in patients who undergo noncardiac surgery

Lisette M Vernooij et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: The Revised Cardiac Risk Index (RCRI) is a widely acknowledged prognostic model to estimate preoperatively the probability of developing in-hospital major adverse cardiac events (MACE) in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. However, the RCRI does not always make accurate predictions, so various studies have investigated whether biomarkers added to or compared with the RCRI could improve this.

Objectives: Primary: To investigate the added predictive value of biomarkers to the RCRI to preoperatively predict in-hospital MACE and other adverse outcomes in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. Secondary: To investigate the prognostic value of biomarkers compared to the RCRI to preoperatively predict in-hospital MACE and other adverse outcomes in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. Tertiary: To investigate the prognostic value of other prediction models compared to the RCRI to preoperatively predict in-hospital MACE and other adverse outcomes in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery.

Search methods: We searched MEDLINE and Embase from 1 January 1999 (the year that the RCRI was published) until 25 June 2020. We also searched ISI Web of Science and SCOPUS for articles referring to the original RCRI development study in that period.

Selection criteria: We included studies among adults who underwent noncardiac surgery, reporting on (external) validation of the RCRI and: - the addition of biomarker(s) to the RCRI; or - the comparison of the predictive accuracy of biomarker(s) to the RCRI; or - the comparison of the predictive accuracy of the RCRI to other models. Besides MACE, all other adverse outcomes were considered for inclusion.

Data collection and analysis: We developed a data extraction form based on the CHARMS checklist. Independent pairs of authors screened references, extracted data and assessed risk of bias and concerns regarding applicability according to PROBAST. For biomarkers and prediction models that were added or compared to the RCRI in ≥ 3 different articles, we described study characteristics and findings in further detail. We did not apply GRADE as no guidance is available for prognostic model reviews.

Main results: We screened 3960 records and included 107 articles. Over all objectives we rated risk of bias as high in ≥ 1 domain in 90% of included studies, particularly in the analysis domain. Statistical pooling or meta-analysis of reported results was impossible due to heterogeneity in various aspects: outcomes used, scale by which the biomarker was added/compared to the RCRI, prediction horizons and studied populations. Added predictive value of biomarkers to the RCRI Fifty-one studies reported on the added value of biomarkers to the RCRI. Sixty-nine different predictors were identified derived from blood (29%), imaging (33%) or other sources (38%). Addition of NT-proBNP, troponin or their combination improved the RCRI for predicting MACE (median delta c-statistics: 0.08, 0.14 and 0.12 for NT-proBNP, troponin and their combination, respectively). The median total net reclassification index (NRI) was 0.16 and 0.74 after addition of troponin and NT-proBNP to the RCRI, respectively. Calibration was not reported. To predict myocardial infarction, the median delta c-statistic when NT-proBNP was added to the RCRI was 0.09, and 0.06 for prediction of all-cause mortality and MACE combined. For BNP and copeptin, data were not sufficient to provide results on their added predictive performance, for any of the outcomes. Comparison of the predictive value of biomarkers to the RCRI Fifty-one studies assessed the predictive performance of biomarkers alone compared to the RCRI. We identified 60 unique predictors derived from blood (38%), imaging (30%) or other sources, such as the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification (32%). Predictions were similar between the ASA classification and the RCRI for all studied outcomes. In studies different from those identified in objective 1, the median delta c-statistic was 0.15 and 0.12 in favour of BNP and NT-proBNP alone, respectively, when compared to the RCRI, for the prediction of MACE. For C-reactive protein, the predictive performance was similar to the RCRI. For other biomarkers and outcomes, data were insufficient to provide summary results. One study reported on calibration and none on reclassification. Comparison of the predictive value of other prognostic models to the RCRI Fifty-two articles compared the predictive ability of the RCRI to other prognostic models. Of these, 42% developed a new prediction model, 22% updated the RCRI, or another prediction model, and 37% validated an existing prediction model. None of the other prediction models showed better performance in predicting MACE than the RCRI. To predict myocardial infarction and cardiac arrest, ACS-NSQIP-MICA had a higher median delta c-statistic of 0.11 compared to the RCRI. To predict all-cause mortality, the median delta c-statistic was 0.15 higher in favour of ACS-NSQIP-SRS compared to the RCRI. Predictive performance was not better for CHADS2, CHA2DS2-VASc, R2CHADS2, Goldman index, Detsky index or VSG-CRI compared to the RCRI for any of the outcomes. Calibration and reclassification were reported in only one and three studies, respectively.

Authors' conclusions: Studies included in this review suggest that the predictive performance of the RCRI in predicting MACE is improved when NT-proBNP, troponin or their combination are added. Other studies indicate that BNP and NT-proBNP, when used in isolation, may even have a higher discriminative performance than the RCRI. There was insufficient evidence of a difference between the predictive accuracy of the RCRI and other prediction models in predicting MACE. However, ACS-NSQIP-MICA and ACS-NSQIP-SRS outperformed the RCRI in predicting myocardial infarction and cardiac arrest combined, and all-cause mortality, respectively. Nevertheless, the results cannot be interpreted as conclusive due to high risks of bias in a majority of papers, and pooling was impossible due to heterogeneity in outcomes, prediction horizons, biomarkers and studied populations. Future research on the added prognostic value of biomarkers to existing prediction models should focus on biomarkers with good predictive accuracy in other settings (e.g. diagnosis of myocardial infarction) and identification of biomarkers from omics data. They should be compared to novel biomarkers with so far insufficient evidence compared to established ones, including NT-proBNP or troponins. Adherence to recent guidance for prediction model studies (e.g. TRIPOD; PROBAST) and use of standardised outcome definitions in primary studies is highly recommended to facilitate systematic review and meta-analyses in the future.

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Conflict of interest statement

Lisette M Vernooij: none known.

Wilton A van Klei: none known.

Karel G Moons: none known.

Toshihiko Takada: none known.

Judith AR van Waes: none known.

Johanna A Damen: none known.

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram
2
2
Green refers to 'low' risk of bias; orange is 'unclear' risk of bias and red represents 'high' risk of bias.
3
3
Green refers to 'low' risk of bias; orange is 'unclear' risk of bias and red represents 'high' risk of bias.
4
4
As the search was performed on June 25th, results are shown for the period between January 2018 and June 2020
5
5
Per article, two c‐statistics with confidence intervals are presented. The upper (filled circle) represents the RCRI alone and the lower (open square) represents RCRI + NT‐proBNP.
6
6
Per article, two c‐statistics with confidence intervals are presented. The upper (filled circle) represents the RCRI alone and the lower (open square) represents RCRI + troponin. As Golubovic 2018 solely reported on the c‐statistics for the additive model, no c‐statistic for RCRI alone is provided for this study.
7
7
Per article, two c‐statistics with confidence intervals are presented. The upper (filled circle) represents the RCRI alone and the lower (open square) represents NT‐proBNP+troponin+RCRI. As Golubovic 2018 solely reported on the c‐statistics for the additive model, no c‐statistic for RCRI alone is provided for this study.
8
8
Per article, two c‐statistics with confidence intervals are presented. The upper (filled circle) represents the RCRI alone and the lower (open square) represents ASA.
9
9
Per article, two c‐statistics with confidence intervals are presented. The upper (filled circle) represents the RCRI alone and the lower (open square) represents BNP alone.
10
10
Per article, two c‐statistics with confidence intervals are presented. The upper (filled circle) represents the RCRI alone and the lower (open square) represents NT‐proBNP alone. As Handke 2019 solely reported on the c‐statistics for the additive model, no c‐statistic for RCRI alone is provided for this study.
11
11
Per article, two c‐statistics with confidence intervals are presented. The upper (filled circle) represents the RCRI alone and the lower (open square) represents troponin alone. As Handke 2019 and Gualandro 2018 solely reported on the c‐statistics for the additive model, no c‐statistic for RCRI alone is provided for this study. Gillmann 2014 only reported c‐statistics for RCRI alone.
12
12
Per article, two c‐statistics with confidence intervals are presented. The upper (filled circle) represents the RCRI alone and the lower (open square) represents CRP alone.
13
13
Per article, two c‐statistics with confidence intervals are presented. The upper (filled circle) represents the RCRI alone and the lower (open square) represents the ASC‐NSQIP surgical risk score. As Cohn 2018 solely reported on the c‐statistics for the RCRI, no c‐statistic for NSQIP MICA is provided for this study.
14
14
Per article, two c‐statistics with confidence intervals are presented. The upper (filled circle) represents the RCRI alone and the lower (open square) represents the NSQIP surgical risk score.
15
15
Per article, two c‐statistics with confidence intervals are presented. The upper (filled circle) represents the RCRI alone and the lower (open square) represents the CHADS2.
16
16
Per article, two c‐statistics with confidence intervals are presented. The upper (filled circle) represents the RCRI alone and the lower (open square) represents the Goldman index.
17
17
Per article, two c‐statistics with confidence intervals are presented. The upper (filled circle) represents the RCRI alone and the lower (open square) represents the Detsky index.
18
18
Per article, two c‐statistics with confidence intervals are presented. The upper (filled circle) represents the RCRI alone and the lower (open square) represents the CHA2DS2‐VASc.
19
19
Per article, two c‐statistics with confidence intervals are presented. The upper (filled circle) represents the RCRI alone and the lower (open square) represents the R2CHADS2.
20
20
Per article, two c‐statistics with confidence intervals are presented. The upper (filled circle) represents the RCRI alone and the lower (open square) represents the Vascular Study Group of New England Cardiac Risk Index.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

References

References to studies included in this review

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Markovic 2018 {published data only}
    1. Markovic D, Jevtovic-Stoimenov T, Stojanovic M, Vukovic A, Dinic V, Markovic-Zivkovic B, et al. Addition of clinical risk scores improves prediction performance of American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status classification for postoperative mortality in older patients: a pilot study. European Geriatric Medicine 2018;9(1):51-9. - PubMed
    1. Markovic DZ, Jevtovic-Stoimenov T, Cosic V, Stosic B, Zivkovic BM, Jankovic RJ. Addition of biomarker panel improves prediction performance of American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS NSQIP) calculator for cardiac risk assessment of elderly patients preparing for major non-cardiac surgery: a pilot study. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research 2018;30(5):419-31. - PubMed
Mauermann 2016 {published data only}
    1. Mauermann E, Bolliger D, Seeberger E, Puelacher C, Corbiere S, Filipovic M, et al. Incremental value of preoperative copeptin for predicting myocardial injury. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2016;123(6):1363-71. - PubMed
McAlister 2015 {published data only}
    1. McAlister FA, Jacka M, Graham M, Youngson E, Cembrowski G, Bagshaw SM, et al. The prediction of postoperative stroke or death in patients with preoperative atrial fibrillation undergoing non-cardiac surgery: a VISION sub-study. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 2015;13(10):1768-75. - PubMed
McAlister 2020 {published data only}
    1. McAlister FA, Youngson E, Jacka M, Graham M, Conen D, Chan M, et al. A comparison of four risk models for the prediction of cardiovascular complications in patients with a history of atrial fibrillation undergoing non-cardiac surgery. Anaesthesia 2020;75(1):27-36. - PubMed
McIlroy 2014 {published data only}
    1. McIlroy DR, Chan MT, Wallace SK, Symons JA, Koo EG, Chu LC, et al. Automated preoperative assessment of endothelial dysfunction and risk stratification for perioperative myocardial injury in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;112(1):47-56. - PubMed
Mercantini 2012 {published data only}
    1. Mercantini P, Di Somma S, Magrini L, Nava AK, Scarinci A, La Torre M, et al. Preoperative brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) is a better predictor of adverse cardiac events compared to preoperative scoring system in patients who underwent abdominal surgery. World Journal of Surgery 2012;36(1):24-30. - PubMed
Moodley 2013 {published data only}
    1. Moodley Y, Naidoo P, Biccard BM. The South African Vascular Surgical Cardiac Risk Index (SAVS-CRI): a prospective observational study. Samj South African Medical Journal 2013;103(10):746-50. - PubMed
Neary 2007 {published data only}
    1. Neary WD, Prytherch D, Foy C, Heather BP, Earnshaw JJ. Comparison of different methods of risk stratification in urgent and emergency surgery. British Journal of Surgery 2007;94(10):1300-5. - PubMed
Noordzij 2006 {published data only}
    1. Noordzij PG, Boersma E, Bax JJ, Feringa HH, Schreiner F, Schouten O, et al. Prognostic value of routine preoperative electrocardiography in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. American Journal of Cardiology 2006;97(7):1103-6. - PubMed
Pandey 2015 {published data only}
    1. Pandey A, Sood A, Sammon JD, Abdollah F, Gupta E, Golwala H, et al. Effect of preoperative angina pectoris on cardiac outcomes in patients with previous myocardial infarction undergoing major noncardiac surgery (data from ACS-NSQIP). American Journal of Cardiology 2015;115(8):1080-4. - PubMed
Pantoja 2014 {published data only}
    1. Pantoja MH, Fernández RH, Guevara TW. Sensitivity, specificity and predictive values of the Goldman, Detsky and Lee cardiac indices. Revista Colombiana de Anestesiologia 2014;42(3):184-91.
Park 2011 {published data only}
    1. Park SJ, Choi JH, Cho SJ, Chang SA, Choi JO, Lee SC, et al. Comparison of transthoracic echocardiography with N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide as a tool for risk stratification of patients undergoing major noncardiac surgery. Korean Circulation Journal 2011;41(9):505-11. - PMC - PubMed
Parmar 2010 {published data only}
    1. Parmar CD, Torella F. Prediction of major adverse cardiac events in vascular surgery: are cardiac risk scores of any practical value? Vascular and Endovascular Surgery 2010;44(1):14-9. - PubMed
Peterson 2016 {published data only}
    1. Peterson B, Ghahramani M, Harris S, Suchniak-Mussari K, Bedi G, Bulathsinghala C, et al. Usefulness of the myocardial infarction and cardiac arrest calculator as a discriminator of adverse cardiac events after elective hip and knee surgery. American Journal of Cardiology 2016;117(12):1992-5. - PubMed
Press 2006 {published data only}
    1. Press MJ, Chassin MR, Wang J, Tuhrim S, Halm EA. Predicting medical and surgical complications of carotid endarterectomy - comparing the risk indexes. Archives of Internal Medicine 2006;166(8):914-20. - PubMed
Ray 2010 {published data only}
    1. Ray MJ, Calabro LJ, Sirisena T, Crawford SA, Crawford RW, Walters DL. Pre-operative platelet-bound CD40 ligand is probably associated with peri-operative cardiac events in hip and knee arthroplasty. European Journal of Clinical Investigation 2010;40(6):497-503. - PubMed
Reis 2019 {published data only}
    1. Reis PV, Lopes AI, Leite D, Moreira J, Mendes L, Ferraz S, et al. Major cardiac events in patients admitted to intensive care after vascular noncardiac surgery: a retrospective cohort. Seminars in Cardiothoracic & Vascular Anesthesia 2019;23(3):293-9. - PubMed
Rodseth 2011 {published data only}
    1. Rodseth RN, Buse GA, Bolliger D, Burkhart CS, Cuthbertson BH, Gibson SC, et al. The predictive ability of pre-operative B-type natriuretic peptide in vascular patients for major adverse cardiac events an individual patient data meta-analysis. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2011;58(5):522-9. - PubMed
Rohde 2001 {published data only}
    1. Rohde LE, Polanczyk CA, Goldman L, Cook EF, Lee RT, Lee TH. Usefulness of transthoracic echocardiography as a tool for risk stratification of patients undergoing major noncardiac surgery. American Journal of Cardiology 2001;87(5):505-9. - PubMed
Rohrig 2004 {published data only}
    1. Rohrig R, Junger A, Hartmann B, Klasen J, Quinzio L, Jost A, et al. The incidence and prediction of automatically detected intraoperative cardiovascular events in noncardiac surgery. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2004;98(3):569-77. - PubMed
Rutkowski 2019 {published data only}
    1. Rutkowski M, Sankaran S. Preoperative risk stratification of patient mortality following elective craniotomy; a comparative analysis of prediction algorithms. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 2019;67:24-31. - PubMed
Sabate 2011 {published data only}
    1. Sabate S, Mases A, Guilera N, Canet J, Castillo J, Orrego C, et al. Incidence and predictors of major perioperative adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events in non-cardiac surgery. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;107(6):879-90. - PubMed
Saito 2012 {published data only}
    1. Saito S, Takagi A, Kurokawa F, Ashihara K, Hagiwara N. Usefulness of tissue Doppler echocardiography to predict perioperative cardiac events in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. Heart and Vessels 2012;27(6):594-602. - PubMed
Scholz 2019 {published data only}
    1. Scholz AS, Handke J, Gillmann HJ, Zhang Q, Dehne S, Janssen H, et al. Frontline science: low regulatory T cells predict perioperative major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events after noncardiac surgery. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 2019;107(5):717-30. - PubMed
Schouten 2006 {published data only}
    1. Schouten O, Kok NF, Hoedt MT, Laanen JH, Poldermans D. The influence of aneurysm size on perioperative cardiac outcome in elective open infrarenal aortic aneurysm repair. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2006;44(3):435-41. - PubMed
Schrimpf 2015 {published data only}
    1. Schrimpf C, Gillmann HJ, Sahlmann B, Meinders A, Larmann J, Wilhelmi M, et al. Renal function interferes with copeptin in prediction of major adverse cardiac events in patients undergoing vascular surgery. PloS One 2015;10(4):e0123093. - PMC - PubMed
Scorcu 2020 {published data only}
    1. Scorcu G, Pilleri A, Contu P, Faggiano P, Floris R, Mereu A, et al. Preoperative assessment of cardiovascular risk in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery: the Orion study. Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease 2020;90(1):21-8. - PubMed
Scrutinio 2014 {published data only}
    1. Scrutinio D, Guido G, Guida P, Passantino A, Angiletta D, Santoro D, et al. Combined use of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide for risk stratification of vascular surgery patients. Annals of Vascular Surgery 2014;28(6):1522-9. - PubMed
Sheth 2015 {published data only}
    1. Sheth T, Chan M, Butler C, Chow B, Tandon V, Nagele P, et al. Prognostic capabilities of coronary computed tomographic angiography before non-cardiac surgery: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2015;350:h1907. - PMC - PubMed
Stonelake 2015 {published data only}
    1. Stonelake S, Thomson P, Suggett N. Identification of the high risk emergency surgical patient: which risk prediction model should be used? Annals of Medicine and Surgery 2015;4(3):240-7. - PMC - PubMed
Subramaniam 2011 {published data only}
    1. Subramaniam B, Meroz Y, Talmor D, Pomposelli FB, Berlatzky Y, Landesberg G. A long-term survival score improves preoperative prediction of survival following major vascular surgery. Annals of Vascular Surgery 2011;25(2):197-203. - PubMed
Valentijn 2012 {published data only}
    1. Valentijn TM, Hoeks SE, Bakker EJ, Voute MT, Chonchol M, de Luijtgaarden KM, et al. Influence of aortic valve calcium on outcome in patients undergoing peripheral vascular surgery. American Journal of Cardiology 2012;110(8):1195-9. - PubMed
van Diepen 2014 {published data only}
    1. Diepen S, Youngson E, Ezekowitz JA, McAlister FA. Which risk score best predicts perioperative outcomes in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation patients undergoing noncardiac surgery? American Heart Journal 2014;168(1):60-7. - PubMed
van Klei 2007 {published data only}
    1. Klei WA, Bryson GL, Yang H, Kalkman CJ, Wells GA, Beattie WS. The value of routine preoperative electrocardiography in predicting myocardial infarction after noncardiac surgery. Annals of Surgery 2007;246(2):165-70. - PMC - PubMed
Vetrugno 2014 {published data only}
    1. Vetrugno L, Langiano N, Gisonni R, Rizzardo A, Venchiarutti PE, Divella M, et al. Prediction of early postoperative major cardiac events after elective orthopedic surgery: the role of B-type natriuretic peptide, the revised cardiac risk index, and ASA class. BMC Anesthesiology 2014;14:20. - PMC - PubMed
Vilarino‐Rico 2015 {published data only}
    1. Vilarino-Rico J, Pita-Fernandez S, Joaquin Segura-Iglesias R. Clinical predictors of major adverse cardiovascular events during long-term follow-up after carotid endarterectomy. Annals of Vascular Surgery 2015;29(3):419-25. - PubMed
Waterman 2016 {published data only}
    1. Waterman BR, Belmont PJ Jr, Bader JO, Schoenfeld AJ. The total joint arthroplasty cardiac risk index for predicting perioperative myocardial infarction and cardiac arrest after primary total knee and hip arthroplasty. Journal of Arthroplasty 2016;31(6):1170-4. - PubMed
Weber 2013 {published data only}
    1. Weber M, Luchner A, Manfred S, Mueller C, Liebetrau C, Schlitt A, et al. Incremental value of high-sensitive troponin T in addition to the revised cardiac index for peri-operative risk stratification in non-cardiac surgery. European Heart Journal 2013;34(11):853-62. - PubMed
Welten 2007 {published data only}
    1. Welten GM, Schouten O, Domburg RT, Feringa HH, Hoeks SE, Dunkelgrun M, et al. The influence of aging on the prognostic value of the revised cardiac risk index for postoperative cardiac complications in vascular surgery patients. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery 2007;34(6):632-8. - PubMed
Wijeysundera 2018 {published data only}
    1. Wijeysundera DN, Pearse RM, Shulman MA, Abbott TE, Torres E, Ambosta A, et al. Assessment of functional capacity before major non-cardiac surgery: an international, prospective cohort study. Lancet 2018;391(10140):2631-40. - PubMed
Wilcox 2019 {published data only}
    1. Wilcox T, Smilowitz NR, Xia Y, Berger JS. Cardiovascular risk scores to predict perioperative stroke in noncardiac surgery. Stroke 2019;50(8):2002-6. - PMC - PubMed
Wotton 2013 {published data only}
    1. Wotton R, Marshall A, Kerr A, Bishay E, Kalkat M, Rajesh P, et al. Does the revised cardiac risk index predict cardiac complications following elective lung resection? Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery 2013;8:220. - PMC - PubMed
Yang 2012 {published data only}
    1. Yang JH, Choi JH, Ki YW, Kim DI, Kim DK, Park JR, et al. Plasma n-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide is predictive of perioperative cardiac events in patients undergoing vascular surgery. Korean Journal of Internal Medicine 2012;27(3):301-10. - PMC - PubMed
Yang 2018 {published data only}
    1. Yang HS, Hur M, Yi A, Kim H, Kim J. Prognostic role of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I and soluble suppression of tumorigenicity-2 in surgical intensive care unit patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery. Annals of Laboratory Medicine 2018;38(3):204-11. - PMC - PubMed
Yap 2018 {published data only}
    1. Yap MK, Ang KF, Gonzales-Porciuncula LA, Esposo E. Validation of the American College of Surgeons Risk Calculator for preoperative risk stratification. Heart Asia 2018;10(2):e010993. - PMC - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Abbott 2017 {published data only}
    1. Abbott TE, Minto G, Lee AM, Pearse RM, Ackl GL. Elevated preoperative heart rate is associated with cardiopulmonary and autonomic impairment in high-risk surgical patients. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2017;119(1):87-94. - PubMed
Abbott 2019 {published data only}
    1. Abbott TE, Pearse RM, Cuthbertson BH, Wijeysundera DN, Ackland GL. Cardiac vagal dysfunction and myocardial injury after non-cardiac surgery: a planned secondary analysis of the measurement of Exercise Tolerance before surgery study. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2019;122(2):188-97. - PMC - PubMed
Abdelmalak 2018 {published data only}
    1. Abdelmalak BB, Abd-Elsayed AA, Dalton JE, Abdelmalak JB, Lawrence JP, Doyle DJ, et al. The association between preinduction arterial blood pressure and postoperative cardiovascular, renal, and neurologic morbidity, and in-hospital mortality in elective noncardiac surgery: an observational study. Journal of Hypertension 2018;36(11):2251-9. - PubMed
Abdullah 2017 {published data only}
    1. Abdullah HR, Sim YE, Hao Y, Lin GY, Liew GH, Lamoureux EL, et al. Association between preoperative anaemia with length of hospital stay among patients undergoing primary total knee arthroplasty in Singapore: a single-centre retrospective study. BMJ Open 2017;7(6):e016403. - PMC - PubMed
Abdullaha 2018 {published data only}
    1. Abdullah HR, Sim YE, Sim YT, Ang AL, Chan YH, Richards T, et al. Preoperative red cell distribution width and 30-day mortality in older patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery: a retrospective cohort observational study. Scientific Reports 2018;8(1):6226. - PMC - PubMed
Abelha 2009 {published data only}
    1. Abelha F, Jose O, Botelho M, Fernes V, Barros H. Determinants of postoperative acute kidney injury. Critical Care (London, England) 2009;13(3):R79. - PMC - PubMed
Abelha 2010 {published data only}
    1. Abelha F, Jose O, Botelho M, Fern V, Barros H. Quality of life and mortality assessment in patients with major cardiac events in the postoperative period. Revista Brasileira De Anestesiologia 2010;60(3):268-78. - PubMed
Abelha 2012 {published data only}
    1. Abelha F, Jose O, Fernes V, Botelho M, Santos P, Santos A, et al. Apolipoprotein E e4 allele does not increase the risk of early postoperative delirium after major surgery. Journal of Anesthesia 2012;26(3):412-21. - PubMed
Ackland 2007 {published data only}
    1. Ackland GL, Scollay JM, Parks RW, Beaux I, Mythen MG. Pre-operative high sensitivity C-reactive protein and postoperative outcome in patients undergoing elective orthopaedic surgery. Anaesthesia 2007;62(9):888-94. - PubMed
Ackland 2010 {published data only}
    1. Ackland GL, Harris S, Ziabari Y, Grocott M, Mythen M, SOuRCe Investigators. Revised cardiac risk index and postoperative morbidity after elective orthopaedic surgery: a prospective cohort study. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2010;105(6):744-52. - PMC - PubMed
Ackland 2011 {published data only}
    1. Ackland GL, Moran N, Cone S, Grocott MP, Mythen MG. Chronic kidney disease and postoperative morbidity after elective orthopedic surgery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2011;112(6):1375-81. - PubMed
Ackland 2018 {published data only}
    1. Ackland GL, Abbott TE, Cain D, Edwards MR, Sultan P, Karmali SN, et al. Preoperative systemic inflammation and perioperative myocardial injury: prospective observational multicentre cohort study of patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2018;122(2):180-7. - PMC - PubMed
Agarwal 2013 {published data only}
    1. Agarwal S, Rajamanickam A, Bajaj NS, Griffin BP, Catacutan T, Svensson LG, et al. Impact of aortic stenosis on postoperative outcomes after noncardiac surgeries. Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes 2013;6(2):193-200. - PubMed
Albaladejo 2011 {published data only}
    1. Albaladejo P, Marret E, Samama CM, Collet JP, Abhay K, Loutrel O, et al. Non-cardiac surgery in patients with coronary stents: the RECO study. Heart 2011;97(19):1566-72. - PubMed
Alcock 2012 {published data only}
    1. Alcock RF, Kouzios D, Naoum C, Hillis GS, Brieger DB. Perioperative myocardial necrosis in patients at high cardiovascular risk undergoing elective non-cardiac surgery. Heart 2012;98(10):792-8. - PubMed
Alcock 2013 {published data only}
    1. Alcock RF, Naoum C, Alipri-Costa B, Hillis GS, Brieger DB. The peri-operative management of anti-platelet therapy in elective, non-cardiac surgery. International Journal of Cardiology 2013;167(2):374-7. - PubMed
Alvarez 2016 {published data only}
    1. Alvarez ZC, Planas RA, Alday ME, Vega PL, Ramasco RF. High levels of preoperative and postoperative N terminal B-type natriuretic propeptide influence mortality and cardiovascular complications after noncardiac surgery: a prospective cohort study. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2016;33(6):444-9. - PubMed
Ambler 2014 {published data only}
    1. Ambler GK, Dapaah A, Al ZN, Hayes PD, Gohel Manjit S, Boyle Jonathan R, et al. Independence and mobility after infrainguinal lower limb bypass surgery for critical limb ischemia. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2014;59(4):983-7.e2. - PubMed
Andersson 2015 {published data only}
    1. Andersson C, Wissenberg M, Jorgensen ME, Hlatky MA, Merie C, Jensen PF, et al. Age-specific performance of the revised cardiac risk index for predicting cardiovascular risk in elective noncardiac surgery. Circulation Cardiovascular Quality & Outcomes 2015;8(1):103-8. - PubMed
Anghelescu 2018 {published data only}
    1. Anghelescu D, Popescu E, Mihalcea D, Carstocea L, Gherghiceanu F, Cursaru A, et al. The influence of preoperative cardiovascular assessment and time to surgery on postoperative mortality after surgery for femoral neck fractures in elderly patients. Archives of the Balkan Medical Union 2018;53(4):551-6.
Arain 2016 {published data only}
    1. Arain AM, Azar NJ, Lagrange AH, McLean M, Singh P, Sonmezturk H, et al. Temporal lobe origin is common in patients who have undergone epilepsy surgery for hypermotor seizures. Epilepsy & Behavior 2016;64:57-61. - PubMed
Armstrong 2017 {published data only}
    1. Armstrong EJ, Graham L, Waldo SW, Valle JA, Maddox TM, Hawn MT. Patient and lesion-specific characteristics predict risk of major adverse cardiovascular events among patients with previous percutaneous coronary intervention undergoing noncardiac surgery. Catheterization & Cardiovascular Interventions 2017;89(4):617-27. - PubMed
Azevedo 2017 {published data only}
    1. Azevedo PS, Gumieiro DN, Polegato BF, Pereira GJ, Silva IA, et al. Goldman score, but not Detsky or Lee indices, predicts mortality 6 months after hip fracture. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2017;18(1):134. - PMC - PubMed
Bae 2014 {published data only}
    1. Bae MH, Lee JH, Yang DH, Park HS, Cho Y, Chae SC. Usefulness of surgical parameters as predictors of postoperative cardiac events in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery. Circulation Journal 2014;78(3):718-23. - PubMed
Baer‐Bositis 2018 {published data only}
    1. Baer-Bositis HE, Hicks TD, Haidar GM, Sideman MJ, Pounds LL, Davies MG. Outcomes of isolated tibial endovascular intervention for rest pain in patients on dialysis. Annals of Vascular Surgery 2018;46:118-26. - PubMed
Bajaj 2013 {published data only}
    1. Bajaj NS, Agarwal S, Rajamanickam A, Parashar A, Poddar KL, Griffin BP, et al. Impact of severe mitral regurgitation on postoperative outcomes after noncardiac surgery. American Journal of Medicine 2013;126(6):529-35. - PubMed
Bakker 2012 {published data only}
    1. Bakker EJ, de Luijtgaarden KM, Lier F, Valentijn TM, Hoeks SE, Klimek M, et al. General anaesthesia is associated with adverse cardiac outcome after endovascular aneurysm repair. European Journal of Vascular & Endovascular Surgery 2012;44(2):121-5. - PubMed
Bakker 2013 {published data only}
    1. Bakker EJ, Valentijn TM, de Luijtgaarden KM, Hoeks SE, Voute MT, Goncalves FB, et al. Type 2 diabetes mellitus, independent of insulin use, is associated with an increased risk of cardiac complications after vascular surgery. Anaesthesia & Intensive Care 2013;41(5):584-90. - PubMed
Barisione 2016 {published data only}
    1. Barisione C, Garibaldi S, Brunelli C, Balbi M, Spallarossa P, Canepa M, et al. Prevalent cardiac, renal and cardiorenal damage in patients with advanced abdominal aortic aneurysms. Internal and Emergency Medicine 2016;11(2):205-12. - PubMed
Barrett 2007 {published data only}
    1. Barrett TW, Mori M, De Boer D. Association of ambulatory use of statins and beta-blockers with long-term mortality after vascular surgery. Journal of Hospital Medicine (Online) 2007;2(4):241-52. - PubMed
Batsis 2009 {published data only}
    1. Batsis JA, Huddleston JM, Melton LJ, Huddleston PM, Lopez-Jimenez F, Larson DR, et al. Body mass index and risk of adverse cardiac events in elderly patients with hip fracture: a population-based study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2009;57(3):419-26. - PMC - PubMed
Belmont 2014 {published data only}
    1. Belmont PJ Jr, Goodman GP, Kusnezov NA, Magee C, Bader JO, Waterman BR, et al. Postoperative myocardial infarction and cardiac arrest following primary total knee and hip arthroplasty: rates, risk factors, and time of occurrence. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery-American Volume 2014;96(24):2025-31. - PubMed
Bertges 2010 {published data only}
    1. Bertges DJ, Goodney PP, Zhao Y, Schanzer A, Nolan BW, Likosky DS, et al. The Vascular Study Group of New England Cardiac Risk Index (VSG-CRI) predicts cardiac complications more accurately than the Revised Cardiac Risk Index in vascular surgery patients. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2010;52(3):674-83, 683.e1-e3. - PubMed
Biccard 2007 {published data only}
    1. Biccard BM. Clinical risk predictors associated with cardiac mortality following vascular surgery in South African patients. Cardiovascular Journal of Africa 2007;18(4):216-20. - PMC - PubMed
Biccard 2010 {published data only}
    1. Biccard BM, Nepaul S. Risk factors associated with intermediate and long-term mortality following vascular surgery in South African patients. Cardiovascular Journal of Africa 2010;21(5):263-7. - PMC - PubMed
Biccard 2012a {published data only}
    1. Biccard BM, Naidoo P, Vasconcellos K. What is the best pre-operative risk stratification tool for major adverse cardiac events following elective vascular surgery? A prospective observational cohort study evaluating pre-operative myocardial ischaemia monitoring and biomarker analysis. Anaesthesia 2012;67(4):389-95. - PubMed
Biccard 2013 {published data only}
    1. Biccard BM, Rodseth RN. What evidence is there for intraoperative predictors of perioperative cardiac outcomes? A systematic review. Perioperative Medicine 2013;2(1):14. - PMC - PubMed
Biccard 2014 {published data only}
    1. Biccard BM. Myocardial injury after non-cardiac surgery: a new clinical entity. Southern African Journal of Anaesthesia and Analgesia 2014;20(1):24.
Biccard 2015 {published data only}
    1. Biccard B. Proposed research plan for the derivation of a new Cardiac Risk Index. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2015;120(3):543-53. - PubMed
Biteker 2011 {published data only}
    1. Biteker M, Duman D, Dayan A, Ilhan E. Increased aortic stiffness can predict perioperative cardiovascular outcomes in patients undergoing noncardiac, nonvascular surgery. World Journal of Surgery 2011;35(11):2411-6. - PubMed
Biteker 2011a {published data only}
    1. Biteker M, Dayan A, Can MM, Ilhan E, Biteker FS, Tekkesin A, et al. Impaired fasting glucose is associated with increased perioperative cardiovascular event rates in patients undergoing major non-cardiothoracic surgery. Cardiovascular Diabetology 2011;10:63. - PMC - PubMed
Biteker 2012 {published data only}
    1. Biteker M, Duman D, Tekkesin AI. Predictive value of preoperative electrocardiography for perioperative cardiovascular outcomes in patients undergoing noncardiac, nonvascular surgery. Clinical Cardiology 2012;35(8):494-9. - PMC - PubMed
Biteker 2014 {published data only}
    1. Biteker M, Dayan A, Tekkesin AI, Can MM, Tayci I, Ilhan E, et al. Incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of perioperative acute kidney injury in noncardiac and nonvascular surgery. American Journal of Surgery 2014;207(1):53-9. - PubMed
Biteker 2014a {published data only}
    1. Biteker M, Kayatas K, Turkmen FM, Misirli CH. Impact of perioperative acute ischemic stroke on the outcomes of noncardiac and nonvascular surgery: a single centre prospective study. Canadian Journal of Surgery 2014;57(3):E55-E61. - PMC - PubMed
Bolliger 2009 {published data only}
    1. Bolliger D, Seeberger MD, Lurati BG, Christen P, Rupinski B, Gurke L, et al. A preliminary report on the prognostic significance of preoperative brain natriuretic peptide and postoperative cardiac troponin in patients undergoing major vascular surgery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2009;108(4):1069-75. - PubMed
Bolliger 2012 {published data only}
    1. Bolliger D, Seeberger MD, Lurati BG, Christen P, Seeberger E, Ruppen W, et al. The influence of pre-admission hypoglycaemic therapy on cardiac morbidity and mortality in type 2 diabetic patients undergoing major non-cardiac surgery: a prospective observational study. Anaesthesia 2012;67(2):149-57. - PubMed
Borges 2013a {published data only}
    1. Borges FK, Furtado MV, Rossini AP, Bertoluci C, Gonzalez VL, Bertoldi EG, et al. Clinical use of ultrasensitive cardiac troponin I assay in intermediate- and high-risk surgery patients. Disease Markers 2013;35(6):945-53. - PMC - PubMed
Butt 2009 {published data only}
    1. Butt ZM, Fazili A, Tan W, Wilding GE, Filadora V, Kim HL, et al. Does the presence of significant risk factors affect perioperative outcomes after robot-assisted radical cystectomy? BJU International 2009;104(7):986-90. - PubMed
Calvillo‐King 2010 {published data only}
    1. Calvillo-King L, Xuan L, Zhang S, Tuhrim S, Halm EA. Predicting risk of perioperative death and stroke after carotid endarterectomy in asymptomatic patients derivation and validation of a clinical risk score. Stroke 2010;41(12):2786-94. - PMC - PubMed
Canter 2008 {published data only}
    1. Canter RJ, Qin LX, Maki RG, Brennan MF, Ladanyi M, Singer S. A synovial sarcoma-specific preoperative nomogram supports a survival benefit to ifosfamide-based chemotherapy and improves risk stratification for patients. Clinical Cancer Research 2008;14(24):8191-7. - PMC - PubMed
Cassagneau 2012 {published data only}
    1. Cassagneau P, Jacquier A, Giorgi R, Amabile N, Gaubert JY, Cohen F, et al. Prognostic value of preoperative coronary computed tomography angiography in patients treated by orthotopic liver transplantation. European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology 2012;24(5):558-62. - PubMed
Chan 2018 {published data only}
    1. Chan DX, Sim YE, Chan YH, Poopalalingam R, Abdullah HR. Development of the Combined Assessment of Risk Encountered in Surgery (CARES) surgical risk calculator for prediction of postsurgical mortality and need for intensive care unit admission risk: a single-center retrospective study. BMJ Open 2018;8(3):e019427. - PMC - PubMed
Chang 2019 {published data only}
    1. Chang HY, Chang WT, Liu YW. Application of transthoracic echocardiography in patients receiving intermediate- or high-risk noncardiac surgery. PLoS ONE 2019;14(4):e0215854. - PMC - PubMed
Chen 2002 {published data only}
    1. Chen T, Kuwabara Y, Tsutsui H, Sasaki M, Nakagawa M, Koga H, et al. The usefulness of dipyridamole thallium-201 single photon emission computed tomography for predicting perioperative cardiac events in patients undergoing non-cardiac vascular surgery. Annals of Nuclear Medicine 2002;16(1):45-53. - PubMed
Christiansen 2017 {published data only}
    1. Christiansen MN, Andersson C, Gislason GH, Torp-Pedersen C, Sers RD, Jensen PF, et al. Risks of cardiovascular adverse events and death in patients with previous stroke undergoing emergency noncardiac, nonintracranial surgery: the importance of operative timing. Anesthesiology 2017;127(1):9-19. - PubMed
Cicarelli 2001 {published data only}
    1. Cicarelli DD, Marumo CK, Esteves RG. Postoperative myocardial ischemia in patients undergoing abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. A retrospective study. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2001;51(4):319-24.
Cloney 2017 {published data only}
    1. Cloney MB, Sonabend AM, Yun J, Yang J, Iwamoto F, Singh S, et al. The safety of resection for primary central nervous system lymphoma: a single institution retrospective analysis. Journal of Neuro-Oncology 2017;132(1):189-97. - PMC - PubMed
Cook 2017 {published data only}
    1. Cook KA, Maclntyre RA, McAlpine JR. A retrospective observational study of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy undergoing non-cardiac surgery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2017;45(5):619-23. - PubMed
Crowther 2018 {published data only}
    1. Crowther M, Spuy K, Roodt F, Nejthardt MB, Davids JG, Roos J, et al. The relationship between pre-operative hypertension and intra-operative haemodynamic changes known to be associated with postoperative morbidity. Anaesthesia 2018;73(7):812-8. - PubMed
Cullen 2020 {published data only}
    1. Cullen MW, McCully RB, Widmer RJ, Schroeder DR, Salonen BR, Raslau D, et al. Preoperative dobutamine stress echocardiography and clinical factors for assessment of cardiac risk after noncardiac surgery. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography 2020;33(4):423-32. - PubMed
Cuthbertson 2007a {published data only}
    1. Cuthbertson BH, Amiri AR, Croal BL, Rajagopalan S, Brittenden J, Hillis GS. Utility of B-type natriuretic peptide in predicting medium-term mortality in patients undergoing major non-cardiac surgery. American Journal of Cardiology 2007;100(8):1310-3. - PubMed
Cuthbertson 2007b {published data only}
    1. Cuthbertson BH, Card G, Croal BL, McNeilly J, Hillis GS. The utility of B-type natriuretic peptide in predicting postoperative cardiac events and mortality in patients undergoing major emergency non-cardiac surgery. Anaesthesia 2007;62(9):875-81. - PubMed
Davies 2015 {published data only}
    1. Davies MG, El-Sayed HF. Objective performance goals after endovascular intervention for critical limb ischemia. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2015;62(6):1555-63. - PubMed
Davies 2015a {published data only}
    1. Davies MG, El-Sayed HF. Outcomes of isolated tibial endovascular interventions for tissue loss in CLI patients on hemodialysis. Journal of Endovascular Therapy 2015;22(5):681-9. - PubMed
Davis 2018 {published data only}
    1. Davis FM, Park YJ, Grey SF, Boniakowski AE, Mansour MA, Jain KM, et al. The clinical impact of cardiology consultation prior to major vascular surgery. Annals of Surgery 2018;267(1):189-95. - PubMed
de Campos 2012 {published data only}
    1. Campos JE, Cardinalli-Neto A, Borim AA, Bestetti RB. Cardiovascular complications in patients with megaesophagus due to Chagas disease undergoing the Serra-Doria operation. Acta Tropica 2012;122(2):219-23. - PubMed
Dernellis 2006 {published data only}
    1. Dernellis J, Panaretou M. Assessment of cardiac risk before non-cardiac surgery: brain natriuretic peptide in 1590 patients. Heart 2006;92(11):1645-50. - PMC - PubMed
Devereaux 2011 {published data only}
    1. Devereaux PJ, Bradley D, Chan MT, Walsh M, Villar JC, Polanczyk CA, et al. An international prospective cohort study evaluating major vascular complications among patients undergoing noncardiac surgery: the VISION Pilot Study. Open Medicine 2011;5(4):e193-200. - PMC - PubMed
de Virgilio 2009 {published data only}
    1. Virgilio C, Yaghoubian A, Nguyen A, Lewis RJ, Dauphine C, Sarkisyan G, et al. Peripheral vascular surgery using targeted beta blockade reduces perioperative cardiac event rate. Journal of the American College of Surgeons 2009;208(1):14-20. - PubMed
Dover 2013 {published data only}
    1. Dover M, Tawfick W, Hynes N, Sultan S. Cardiac risk assessment, morbidity prediction, and outcome in the vascular intensive care unit. Vascular & Endovascular Surgery 2013;47(8):585-94. - PubMed
Drake 2016 {published data only}
    1. Drake TM, Nepogodiev D, Chapman SJ, Glasbey JC, Khatri C, Kong CY, et al. Multicentre prospective cohort study of body mass index and postoperative complications following gastrointestinal surgery. British Journal of Surgery 2016;103(9):1157-72. - PMC - PubMed
Drudi 2016 {published data only}
    1. Drudi LM, Phung K, Ades M, Zuckerman J, Mullie L, Steinmetz OK, et al. Psoas muscle area predicts all-cause mortality after endovascular and open aortic aneurysm repair. European Journal of Vascular & Endovascular Surgery 2016;52(6):764-9. - PubMed
Duceppe 2018 {published data only}
    1. Duceppe E, Lussier AR, Beaulieu-Dore R, LeManach Y, Laskine M, Fafard J, et al. Preoperative antihypertensive medication intake and acute kidney injury after major vascular surgery. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2018;67(6):1872-80.e1. - PubMed
Duceppe 2019 {published data only}
    1. Duceppe E, Studzinska D, Devereaux PJ, Polok K, Gajdosz A, Lewandowski K, et al. Incidence and predictors of myocardial and kidney injury following endovascular aortic repair: a retrospective cohort study. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2019;66(11):1338-46. - PubMed
Edelmuth 2018 {published data only}
    1. Edelmuth SV, Sorio GN, Sprovieri FA, Gali JC, Peron SF. Comorbidities, clinical intercurrences, and factors associated with mortality in elderly patients admitted for a hip fracture. Revista Brasileira de Ortopedia 2018;53(5):543-51. - PMC - PubMed
Ekeloef 2017 {published data only}
    1. Ekeloef S, Larsen MH, Schou-Pedersen AM, Lykkesfeldt J, Rosenberg J, Gogenur I. Endothelial dysfunction in the early postoperative period after major colon cancer surgery. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2017;118(2):200-6. - PubMed
Ekeloef 2020 {published data only}
    1. Ekeloef S, Bjerrum E, Kristiansen P, Wahlstrøm K, Burcharth J, Gögenur I. The risk of post-operative myocardial injury after major emergency abdominal surgery: a retrospective cohort study. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2020;64(8):1073-81. - PubMed
Ekeloef 2020a {published data only}
    1. Ekeloef S, Oreskov JO, Falkenberg A, Burcharth J, Schou-Pedersen AM, Lykkesfeldt J, et al. Endothelial dysfunction and myocardial injury after major emergency abdominal surgery: a prospective cohort study. BMC Anesthesiology 2020;20(1):67. - PMC - PubMed
Erol 2019 {published data only}
    1. Erol Y, Ergönül AG, Özdil A, Nalbantgil S, Çağırıcı U, Turhan K, et al. Assessment of cardiac complications in patients undergoing pulmonary resection. Heart Lung and Circulation 2019;28(7):1099-101. - PubMed
Eyraud 2000 {published data only}
    1. Eyraud D, Bertr, M, Fleron MH, Godet G, Riou B, Kieffer E, et al. Perioperative mortality in abdominal aortic surgery. Annales Francaises D Anesthesie Et De Reanimation 2000;19(6):452-8. - PubMed
Faggiano 2012 {published data only}
    1. Faggiano P, Bonardelli S, De Feo S, Valota M, Frattini S, Cervi E, et al. Preoperative cardiac evaluation and perioperative cardiac therapy in patients undergoing open surgery for abdominal aortic aneurysms: effects on cardiovascular outcome. Annals of Vascular Surgery 2012;26(2):156-65. - PubMed
Fayad 2011 {published data only}
    1. Fayad AA, Yang HY, Ruddy TD, Watters JM, Wells GA. Perioperative myocardial ischemia and isolated systolic hypertension in non-cardiac surgery. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia-Journal Canadien D Anesthesie 2011;58(5):428-35. - PubMed
Feringa 2006 {published data only}
    1. Feringa HH, Bax JJ, Jonge R, Elhendy A, Domburg RT, Dunkelgrun M, et al. Impact of glomerular filtration rate on minor troponin T elevations for risk assessment in patients undergoing operation for abdominal aortic aneurysm or lower extremity arterial obstruction. American Journal of Cardiology 2006;98(11):1515-8. - PubMed
Feringa 2006a {published data only}
    1. Feringa HH, Bax JJ, Elhendy A, Jonge R, Lindemans J, Schouten O, et al. Association of plasma N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide with postoperative cardiac events in patients undergoing surgery for abdominal aortic aneurysm or leg bypass. American Journal of Cardiology 2006;98(1):111-5. - PubMed
Feringa 2007a {published data only}
    1. Feringa HH, Vidakovic R, Karagiannis SE, Jonge R, Lindemans J, Goei D, et al. Baseline natriuretic peptide levels in relation to myocardial ischemia, troponin T release and heart rate variability in patients undergoing major vascular surgery. Coronary Artery Disease 2007;18(8):645-51. - PubMed
Feringa 2009 {published data only}
    1. Feringa HH, Bax JJ, Karagiannis SE, Noordzij P, Domburg R, Klein J, et al. Elderly patients undergoing major vascular surgery: risk factors and medication associated with risk reduction. Archives of Gerontology & Geriatrics 2009;48(1):116-20. - PubMed
Ferrante 2018 {published data only}
    1. Ferrante AM, Moscato U, Snider F, Tshomba Y. Controversial results of the Revised Cardiac Risk Index in elective open repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms: Retrospective analysis on a continuous series of 899 cases. International Journal of Cardiology 2018;277:224-8. - PubMed
Filipovic 2003 {published data only}
    1. Filipovic M, Jeger R, Probst C, Girard T, Pfisterer M, Gurke L, et al. Heart rate variability and cardiac troponin I are incremental and independent predictors of one-year all-cause mortality after major noncardiac surgery in patients at risk of coronary artery disease. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2003;42(10):1767-76. - PubMed
Filipovic 2005 {published data only}
    1. Filipovic M, Jeger RV, Girard T, Probst C, Pfisterer M, Gurke L, et al. Predictors of long-term mortality and cardiac events in patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease who survive major non-cardiac surgery. Anaesthesia 2005;60(1):5-11. - PubMed
Flu 2009 {published data only}
    1. Flu WJ, Kuijk JP, Hoeks SE, Kuiper R, Schouten O, Goei D, et al. Intima media thickness of the common carotid artery in vascular surgery patients: a predictor of postoperative cardiovascular events. American Heart Journal 2009;158(2):202-8. - PubMed
Flu 2010 {published data only}
    1. Flu WJ, Kuijk JP, Voute MT, Kuiper R, Verhagen HJ, Bax JJ, et al. Asymptomatic low ankle-brachial index in vascular surgery patients: a predictor of perioperative myocardial damage. European Journal of Vascular & Endovascular Surgery 2010;39(1):62-9. - PubMed
Flu 2010a {published data only}
    1. Flu WJ, Gestel YR, Kuijk JP, Hoeks SE, Kuiper R, Verhagen HJ, et al. Co-existence of COPD and left ventricular dysfunction in vascular surgery patients. Respiratory Medicine 2010;104(5):690-6. - PubMed
Galal 2010 {published data only}
    1. Galal W, Hoeks SE, Flu WJ, Kuijk JP, Goei D, Galema T, et al. Relation between preoperative and intraoperative new wall motion abnormalities in vascular surgery patients: a transesophageal echocardiographic study. Anesthesiology 2010;112(3):557-66. - PubMed
Garcia 2009 {published data only}
    1. Garcia S, Moritz TE, Goldman S, Littooy F, Pierpont G, Larsen GC, et al. Perioperative complications after vascular surgery are predicted by the Revised Cardiac Risk Index but are not reduced in high-risk subsets with preoperative revascularization. Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes 2009;2(2):73-7. - PubMed
Garcia 2013 {published data only}
    1. Garcia S, Marston N, Soval Y, Pierpont G, Adabag S, Brenes J, et al. Prognostic value of 12-lead electrocardiogram and peak troponin I level after vascular surgery. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2013;57(1):166-72. - PubMed
Ghadri 2012 {published data only}
    1. Ghadri JR, Fiechter M, Veraguth K, Gebhard C, Pazhenkottil AP, Fuchs TA, et al. Coronary calcium score as an adjunct to nuclear myocardial perfusion imaging for risk stratification before noncardiac surgery. Journal of Nuclear Medicine 2012;53(7):1081-6. - PubMed
Ghazali 2017 {published data only}
    1. Ghazali N, Caldroney S, Dyalram D, Lubek JE. Cardiovascular complications in head & neck microvascular flap reconstruction: a retrospective risk stratification and outcomes assessment. Journal of Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery 2017;45(12):2120-7. - PubMed
Gibson 2007 {published data only}
    1. Gibson SC, Payne CJ, Byrne DS, Berry C, Dargie HJ, Kingsmore DB. B-type natriuretic peptide predicts cardiac morbidity and mortality after major surgery. British Journal of Surgery 2007;94(7):903-9. - PubMed
Gillmann 2019 {published data only}
    1. Gillmann HJ, Meinders A, Larmann J, Sahlmann B, Schrimpf C, Aper T, et al. Adrenomedullin is associated with surgical trauma and impaired renal function in vascular surgery patients. Journal of Intensive Care Medicine 2019;34(1):67-76. - PubMed
Go 2017 {published data only}
    1. Go G, Davies KT, O'Callaghan C, Senior W, Kostner K, Fagermo N, et al. Negative predictive value of dobutamine stress echocardiography for perioperative risk stratification in patients with cardiac risk factors and reduced exercise capacity undergoing non-cardiac surgery. Internal Medicine Journal 2017;47(12):1376-84. - PubMed
Goei 2009 {published data only}
    1. Goei D, Hoeks SE, Boersma E, Winkel TA, Dunkelgrun M, Flu WJ, et al. Incremental value of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide for the prediction of postoperative cardiac events in noncardiac vascular surgery patients. Coronary Artery Disease 2009;20(3):219-24. - PubMed
Goh 2000 {published data only}
    1. Goh MH, Yo SL, Ip-Yam PC. The predictive value of intraoperative ST-segment monitoring as a marker of myocardial injury. Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 2000;29(2):173-6. - PubMed
Gómez 2012 {published data only}
    1. Gómez TR, Legarreta CG, Brea FJ, Martínez PM, Cardozo R, Martínez P. Frecuencia de complicaciones respiratorias en cirugía electiva general: Experiencia en un hospital universitario Experience of a University Hospital. Revista Americana de Medicina Respiratoria 2012;12(3):79-85.
Goodman 2015 {published data only}
    1. Goodman BA, Batterham AM, Kothmann E, Cawthorn L, Yates D, Melsom H, et al. Validity of the Postoperative Morbidity Survey after abdominal aortic aneurysm repair-a prospective observational study. Perioperative Medicine 2015;4:10. - PMC - PubMed
Gu 2018 {published data only}
    1. Gu Z, Sun C, Xiang D. Postoperative adverse cardiovascular events associated with leptin and adverse age after elective major non-cardiac surgery: an Asian single-center study. Medical Science Monitor 2018;24:2119-25. - PMC - PubMed
Gundes 2017 {published data only}
    1. Gundes E, Aday U, Ciyiltepe H, Cetin DA, Senger AS, Bozdag E, et al. Effects of left ventricular ejection fraction on morbidity and mortality in major abdominal surgery. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2017;10(12):16632-8.
Halm 2005 {published data only}
    1. Halm EA, Hannan EL, Rojas M, Tuhrim S, Riles TS, Rockman CB, et al. Clinical and operative predictors of outcomes of carotid endarterectomy. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2005;42(3):420-8. - PubMed
Halm 2009 {published data only}
    1. Halm EA, Tuhrim S, Wang JJ, Rojas M, Rockman C, Riles TS, et al. Racial and ethnic disparities in outcomes and appropriateness of carotid endarterectomy impact of patient and provider factors. Stroke 2009;40(7):2493-501. - PMC - PubMed
Halm 2009a {published data only}
    1. Halm EA, Tuhrim S, Wang JJ, Rockman C, Riles TS, Chassin MR. Risk factors for perioperative death and stroke after carotid endarterectomy: results of the New York Carotid Artery Surgery Study. Stroke 2009;40(1):221-9. - PMC - PubMed
Hammill 2008 {published data only}
    1. Hammill BG, Curtis LH, Bennett-Guerrero E, O'Connor CM, Jollis JG, Schulman KA, et al. Impact of heart failure on patients undergoing major noncardiac surgery. Anesthesiology 2008;108(4):559-67. - PubMed
Hansen 2016 {published data only}
    1. Hansen PW, Gislason GH, Jorgensen ME, Kober L, Jensen PF, Torp-Pedersen C, et al. Influence of age on perioperative major adverse cardiovascular events and mortality risks in elective non-cardiac surgery. European Journal of Internal Medicine 2016;35:55-9. - PubMed
Hanss 2008 {published data only}
    1. Hanss R, Block D, Bauer M, Ilies C, Magheli A, Schildberg-Schroth H, et al. Use of heart rate variability analysis to determine the risk of cardiac ischaemia in high-risk patients undergoing general anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 2008;63(11):1167-73. - PubMed
Harland 2020 {published data only}
    1. Harland TA, Wang M, Gunaydin D, Fringuello A, Freeman J, Hosokawa PW, et al. Frailty as a predictor of neurosurgical outcomes in brain tumor patients. World Neurosurgery 2020;133:e813-8. - PubMed
Hawn 2013 {published data only}
    1. Hawn MT, Graham LA, Richman JS, Itani KM, Henderson WG, Maddox TM. Risk of major adverse cardiac events following noncardiac surgery in patients with coronary stents. JAMA 2013;310(14):1462-72. - PubMed
Hennis 2012 {published data only}
    1. Hennis PJ, Meale PM, Hurst RA, O'Doherty AF, Otto J, Kuper M, et al. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing predicts postoperative outcome in patients undergoing gastric bypass surgery. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;109(4):566-71. - PubMed
Hietala 2014 {published data only}
    1. Hietala P, Stroberg M, Kiviniemi T, Stroberg N, Airaksinen KE. Usefulness of troponin T to predict short-term and long-term mortality in patients after hip fracture. American Journal of Cardiology 2014;114(2):193-7. - PubMed
Hirano 2014 {published data only}
    1. Hirano Y, Takeuchi H, Suda K, Oyama T, Nakamura R, Takahashi T, et al. Clinical utility of the Revised Cardiac Risk Index in non-cardiac surgery for elderly patients: a prospective cohort study. Surgery Today 2014;44(2):277-84. - PubMed
Hirpara 2019 {published data only}
    1. Hirpara DH, Kidane B, Rogalla P, Cypel M, Perrot M, Keshavjee S, et al. Frailty assessment prior to thoracic surgery for lung or esophageal cancer: a feasibility study. Supportive Care in Cancer 2019;27(4):1535-40. - PubMed
Hoeks 2007 {published data only}
    1. Hoeks SE, Scholteop RW, Urk H, Jörning PJ, Boersma E, Simoons ML, et al. Increase of 1-year mortality after perioperative beta-blocker withdrawal in endovascular and vascular surgery patients. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery 2007;33(1):13-9. - PubMed
Hoeks 2008 {published data only}
    1. Hoeks SE, Scholte OR, Schouten O, Lenzen MJ, Urk H, Poldermans D. Statin use in the elderly: results from a peripheral vascular survey in The Netherlands. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2008;48(4):891-5; discussion 895-6. - PubMed
Hoeks 2009 {published data only}
    1. Hoeks SE, op Reimer WJ, Gestel YR, Smolderen KG, Verhagen H, Domburg RT, et al. Preoperative cardiac risk index predicts long-term mortality and health status. American Journal of Medicine 2009;122(6):559-65. - PubMed
Hoeks 2009a {published data only}
    1. Hoeks SE, Smolderen KG, Reimer WJ, Verhagen HJ, Spertus JA, Poldermans D. Clinical validity of a disease-specific health status questionnaire: The Peripheral Artery Questionnaire. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2009;49(2):371-7. - PubMed
Hoeks 2010 {published data only}
    1. Hoeks SE, op Reimer WJ, Lingsma HF, Gestel Y, Urk H, Bax JJ, et al. Process of care partly explains the variation in mortality between hospitals after peripheral vascular surgery. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery 2010;40(2):147-54. - PubMed
Hofer 2018 {published data only}
    1. Hofer IS, Cheng D, Grogan T, Fujimoto Y, Yamada T, Beck L, et al. Automated assessment of existing patient's revised cardiac risk index using algorithmic software. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2019;128:909-16. - PubMed
Hoftman 2013 {published data only}
    1. Hoftman N, Prunean A, Dhillon A, Danovitch GM, Lee MS, Gritsch HA. Revised Cardiac Risk Index (RCRI) is a useful tool for evaluation of perioperative cardiac morbidity in kidney transplant recipients. Transplantation 2013;96(7):639-43. - PubMed
Hokari 2015 {published data only}
    1. Hokari S, Ohshima Y, Nakayama H, Suzuki R, Kajiwara T, Koya T, et al. Superiority of respiratory failure risk index in prediction of postoperative pulmonary complications after digestive surgery in Japanese patients. Respiratory Investigation 2015;53(3):104-10. - PubMed
Holcomb 2016 {published data only}
    1. Holcomb CN, Graham LA, Richman JS, Itani KM, Maddox TM, Hawn MT. The incremental risk of coronary stents on postoperative adverse events: a matched cohort study. Annals of Surgery 2016;263(5):924-30. - PubMed
Holcomb 2016a {published data only}
    1. Holcomb CN, Hollis RH, Graham LA, Richman JS, Valle JA, Itani KM, et al. Association of coronary stent indication with postoperative outcomes following noncardiac surgery. JAMA Surgery 2016;151(5):462-9. - PMC - PubMed
Hollis 2016 {published data only}
    1. Hollis RH, Holcomb CN, Valle JA, Smith BP, DeRussy AJ, Graham LA, et al. Coronary angiography and failure to rescue after postoperative myocardial infarction in patients with coronary stents undergoing noncardiac surgery. American Journal of Surgery 2016;212(5):814-22.e1. - PubMed
Huang 2017 {published data only}
    1. Huang Y, Lee M, Chong HC, Ning Y, Lo NN, Yeo SJ. Reasons and factors behind post-total knee arthroplasty dissatisfaction in an Asian population. Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 2017;46(8):303-9. - PubMed
Jakobson 2014 {published data only}
    1. Jakobson T, Karjagin J, Vipp L, Padar M, Parik AH, Starkopf L, et al. Postoperative complications and mortality after major gastrointestinal surgery. Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) 2014;50(2):111-7. - PubMed
Kamber 2018 {published data only}
    1. Kamber F, Mauermann E, Seeberger E, Guerke L, Mueller C, Bolliger D, et al. Peri-operative copeptin concentrations and their association with myocardial injury after vascular surgery: a prospective observational cohort study. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2018;35(9):682-90. - PubMed
Kanakaraj 2017 {published data only}
    1. Kanakaraj M, Yates DR, Wilson RJ, Baroni ML, Davies SJ. Prognostic markers of outcome in patients undergoing infra-inguinal revascularisation: a prospective observational pilot study. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery 2017;54(2):212-9. - PubMed
Karakas 2013 {published data only}
    1. Karakas M, Koenig W. Improved peri-operative risk stratification in non-cardiac surgery: going beyond established clinical scores. European Heart Journal 2013;34(11):796-8. - PubMed
Kazimierczak 2015 {published data only}
    1. Kazimierczak A, Szumilowicz P, Wiernicki I, Gutowski P, Samad R, Kupicz H, et al. Leucocytosis as a specific risk predictor after abdominal aortic aneurysm open repair. Pomeranian Journal of Life Sciences 2015;61(1):5-11. - PubMed
Kerry 2011 {published data only}
    1. Kerry R, Pouchet B. Revised cardiac risk index and postoperative morbidity after elective orthopaedic surgery. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;106(5):750. - PubMed
Kertai 2004 {published data only}
    1. Kertai MD, Bountioukos M, Boersma E, Bax JJ, Thomson IR, Sozzi F, et al. Aortic stenosis: an underestimated risk factor for perioperative complications in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. American Journal of Medicine 2004;116(1):8-13. - PubMed
Khambalia 2015 {published data only}
    1. Khambalia HA, Moinuddin Z, Summers AM, Tavakoli A, Pararajasingam R, Campbell T, et al. A prospective cohort study of risk prediction in simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplantation. Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England 2015;97(6):445-50. - PMC - PubMed
Kikura 2008 {published data only}
    1. Kikura M, Oikawa F, Yamamoto K, Iwamoto T, Tanaka KA, Sato S, et al. Myocardial infarction and cerebrovascular accident following non-cardiac surgery: differences in postoperative temporal distribution and risk factors. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 2008;6(5):742-8. - PubMed
Kim 2013 {published data only}
    1. Kim TY, Yun WS, Park K. Cardiac risk factors of revascularization in chronic atherosclerotic lower extremity ischemia. Journal of The Korean Surgical Society 2013;84(3):178-84. - PMC - PubMed
Kim 2016 {published data only}
    1. Kim S, Marsh AP, Rustowicz L, Roach C, Leng X I, Kritchevsky SB, et al. Self-reported mobility in older patients predicts early postoperative outcomes after elective noncardiac surgery. Anesthesiology 2016;124(4):815-25. - PMC - PubMed
Kim 2016a {published data only}
    1. Kim IJ, Moon JY, Ko EJ, Lim YM, Kim SH, Yang WI, et al. Prognostic value of preoperative N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide in non-cardiac surgery of elderly patients with normal left ventricular systolic function. Geriatrics & Gerontology International 2016;16(10):1109-16. - PubMed
Kim 2018 {published data only}
    1. Kim BS, Kim TH, Oh JH, Kwon CH, Kim SH, Kim HJ, et al. Association between preoperative high sensitive troponin I levels and cardiovascular events after hip fracture surgery in the elderly. Journal of Geriatric Cardiology 2018;15(3):215-21. - PMC - PubMed
Kim 2019 {published data only}
    1. Kim KS, Park YS, Moon YJ, Jung KW, Kang J, Hwang GS. Preoperative myocardial ischemia detected with electrocardiography is associated with reduced 1-year survival rate in patients undergoing liver transplant. Transplantation Proceedings 2019;51(8):2755-60. - PubMed
Kistan 2018 {published data only}
    1. Kistan K, Moodley Y. Are abnormal pre-operative platelet counts a risk factor for major adverse cardiovascular events following non-cardiac surgery? Online Journal of Health and Allied Sciences 2018;17(3):1.
Koh 2012 {published data only}
    1. Koh AS, Flores JL, Keng FY, Tan RS, Chua TS. Correlation between clinical outcomes and appropriateness grading for referral to myocardial perfusion imaging for preoperative evaluation prior to non-cardiac surgery. Journal of Nuclear Cardiology 2012;19(2):277-84. - PubMed
Kougias 2013 {published data only}
    1. Kougias P, Orcutt S, Pak T, Pisimisis G, Barshes NR, Lin PH, et al. Impact of postoperative nadir hemoglobin and blood transfusion on outcomes after operations for atherosclerotic vascular disease. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2013;57(5):1331-7; discussion. - PubMed
Kougias 2017 {published data only}
    1. Kougias P, Sharath S, Barshes NR, Chen M, Mills JL Sr. Effect of postoperative anemia and baseline cardiac risk on serious adverse outcomes after major vascular interventions. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2017;66(6):1836-43. - PubMed
Kronzer 2016 {published data only}
    1. Kronzer VL, Ben AA, McKinnon SL, Wildes TS, Avidan MS. Ability of preoperative falls to predict postsurgical outcomes in non-selected patients undergoing elective surgery at an academic medical centre: protocol for a prospective cohort study. BMJ Open 2016;6(9):e011570. - PMC - PubMed
Kronzer 2016a {published data only}
    1. Kronzer VL, Jerry MR, Ben AA, Wildes TS, Stark SL, McKinnon SL, et al. Preoperative falls predict postoperative falls, functional decline, and surgical complications. Ebiomedicine 2016;12:302-8. - PMC - PubMed
Kumar 2017 {published data only}
    1. Kumar P, Renuka MK, Kalaiselvan MS, Arunkumar AS. Outcome of noncardiac surgical patients admitted to a multidisciplinary intensive care unit. Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine 2017;21(1):17-22. - PMC - PubMed
Küpper 2015 {published data only}
    1. Kuepper S, Karvellas CJ, Khadaroo RG, Widder S. Increased health services use by severely obese patients undergoing emergency surgery: a retrospective cohort study. Canadian Journal of Surgery 2015;58(1):41-7. - PMC - PubMed
Ladha 2018 {published data only}
    1. Ladha KS, Beattie WS, Tait G, Wijeysundera DN. Association between preoperative ambulatory heart rate and postoperative myocardial injury: a retrospective cohort study. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2018;121(4):722-9. - PubMed
Lau 2013 {published data only}
    1. Lau WC, Froehlich JB, Jewell ES, Montgomery DG, Eng KM, Shields TA, et al. Impact of adding aspirin to beta-blocker and statin in high-risk patients undergoing major vascular surgery. Annals of Vascular Surgery 2013;27(4):537-45. - PubMed
Lee 1999 {published data only}
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Leibowitz 2009 {published data only}
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Levitan 2016 {published data only}
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Li 2016 {published data only}
    1. Li Y, Xing H, Xie G. Predicative value of preoperative C-reactive protein for postoperative adverse cardiac events in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Pathology 2016;9(11):11904-10.
Licker 2011 {published data only}
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Licker 2013 {published data only}
    1. Licker M, Christoph E, Cartier V, Mugnai D, Murith N, Kalangos A, et al. Impact of anesthesia technique on the incidence of major complications after open aortic abdominal surgery: a cohort study. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2013;25(4):296-308. - PubMed
Liem 2018 {published data only}
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Lin 2005 {published data only}
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Lin 2016 {published data only}
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Lindenauer 2005 {published data only}
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Liu 2013 {published data only}
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Long 2016 {published data only}
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Lucreziotti 2007 {published data only}
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MacIntyre 2018 {published data only}
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Mahmoud 2016 {published data only}
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Mann 2020 {published data only}
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Marinho 2018 {published data only}
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Marsman 2020 {published data only}
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Martins 2011 {published data only}
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Matsumoto 2016 {published data only}
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May 2019 {published data only}
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McIlroy 2015 {published data only}
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Meershoek 2020 {published data only}
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Mendonca 2014 {published data only}
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Moitra 2011 {published data only}
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Moodley 2015 {published data only}
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Moodley 2015a {published data only}
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Moses 2018 {published data only}
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Mureddu 2017 {published data only}
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Nagayoshi 2012 {published data only}
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Nepogodiev 2015 {published data only}
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Noordzij 2015 {published data only}
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Nordling 2016 {published data only}
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O'Neill 2016 {published data only}
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Oberweis 2015 {published data only}
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Oliveros 2005 {published data only}
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Oscarsson 2009 {published data only}
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Oscarsson 2009a {published data only}
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Oshin 2013 {published data only}
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Padayachee 2018 {published data only}
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Parente 2013 {published data only}
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Parikh 2020 {published data only}
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Park 2018 {published data only}
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Patel 2018 {published data only}
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Patorno 2015 {published data only}
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Patorno 2016 {published data only}
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Payne 2011 {published data only}
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Payne 2013 {published data only}
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Pili‐Floury 2012 {published data only}
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Pinho 2016 {published data only}
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Puelacher 2018 {published data only}
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Rajagopalan 2008 {published data only}
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Rao 2012 {published data only}
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Redman 2014 {published data only}
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Reeh 2016 {published data only}
    1. Reeh M, Metze J, Uzunoglu FG, Nentwich M, Ghadban T, Wellner U, et al. The PER (Preoperative Esophagectomy Risk) Score: a simple risk score to predict short-term and long-term outcome in patients with surgically treated esophageal cancer. Medicine 2016;95(7):e2724. - PMC - PubMed
Reeve 2018 {published data only}
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Reis 2018 {published data only}
    1. Reis PV, Sousa G, Lopes AM, Costa AV, Santos A, Abelha F, et al. Severity of disease scoring systems and mortality after non-cardiac surgery. Revista Brasileira De Anestesiologia 2018;68(3):244-53. - PMC - PubMed
Richards 2015 {published data only}
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Richardson 2018 {published data only}
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Rinfret 2004 {published data only}
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Rodriguez 2018 {published data only}
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Rodseth 2014 {published data only}
    1. Rodseth RN, Biccard BM, Le Manach Y, Sessler DI, Lurati BG, Thabane L, et al. The prognostic value of pre-operative and post-operative B-type natriuretic peptides in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery: B-type natriuretic peptide and N-terminal fragment of pro-B-type natriuretic peptide: a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2014;63(2):170-80. - PubMed
Rosenberg 2016 {published data only}
    1. Rosenberg A, Selounski V, Wardak H, Han J, Gowhari M, Hassan J, et al. Utility of the revised cardiac risk index for predicting postsurgical morbidity in Hb SC and Hb Sβ+-thalassemia sickle cell disease. American Journal of Hematology 2016;91(6):E316-7. - PMC - PubMed
Roshanov 2017 {published data only}
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Roxburgh 2011 {published data only}
    1. Roxburgh CS, Platt JJ, Leitch EF, Kinsella J, Horgan PG, McMillan DC. Relationship between preoperative comorbidity, systemic inflammatory response, and survival in patients undergoing curative resection for colorectal cancer. Annals of Surgical Oncology 2011;18(4):997-1005. - PubMed
Sakuma 2010 {published data only}
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Salinas 2012 {published data only}
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Sankar 2019 {published data only}
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Schier 2012 {published data only}
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Shalaeva 2016 {published data only}
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Snowden 2013 {published data only}
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Sunny 2018 {published data only}
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Teixeira 2014 {published data only}
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Toda 2018 {published data only}
    1. Toda H, Nakamura K, Nakagawa K, Watanabe A, Miyoshi T, Nishii N, et al. Diastolic dysfunction is a risk of perioperative myocardial injury assessed by high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T in elderly patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery. Circulation Journal 2018;82(3):775-82. - PubMed
Tong 2015 {published data only}
    1. Tong MZ, Pattakos G, He J, Rajeswaran J, Kattan MW, Barsoum WK, et al. Sequentially updated discharge model for optimizing hospital resource use and surgical patients' satisfaction. Annals of Thoracic Surgery 2015;100(6):2174-81. - PubMed
Toyonaga 2017 {published data only}
    1. Toyonaga Y, Asayama K, Maehara Y. Impact of systemic inflammatory response syndrome and surgical Apgar score on post-operative acute kidney injury. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2017;61(10):1253-61. - PubMed
Valentijn 2013 {published data only}
    1. Valentijn TM, Hoeks SE, Martienus KA, Bakker EJ, de Luijtgaarden KM, Verhagen HJ, et al. Impact of haemoglobin concentration on cardiovascular outcome after vascular surgery: a retrospective observational cohort study. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2013;30(11):664-70. - PubMed
Valentijn 2013a {published data only}
    1. Valentijn TM, Galal W, Hoeks SE, Gestel YR, Verhagen HJ, Stolker RJ. Impact of obesity on postoperative and long-term outcomes in a general surgery population: a retrospective cohort study. World Journal of Surgery 2013;37(11):2560-8. - PubMed
van Kuijk 2009 {published data only}
    1. Kuijk JP, Dunkelgrun M, Schreiner F, Flu WJ, Galal W, Domburg RT, et al. Preoperative oral glucose tolerance testing in vascular surgery patients: long-term cardiovascular outcome. American Heart Journal 2009;157(5):919-25. - PubMed
Vanniyasingam 2016 {published data only}
    1. Vanniyasingam T, Rodseth RN, Lurati BG, Bolliger D, Burkhart CS, Cuthbertson BH, et al. Predicting the occurrence of major adverse cardiac events within 30 days of a vascular surgery: an empirical comparison of the minimum p value method and ROC curve approach using individual patient data meta-analysis. Springerplus 2016;5:304. - PMC - PubMed
van Waes 2017 {published data only}
    1. Waes JA, Peelen LM, Kemperman H, Grobben RB, Nathoe HM, Klei WA. Kinetics of troponin I in patients with myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery. Clinical Chemistry & Laboratory Medicine 2017;55(4):586-94. - PubMed
Vanwagner 2012 {published data only}
    1. Vanwagner LB, Bhave M, Te HS, Feinglass J, Alvarez L, Rinella ME. Patients transplanted for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis are at increased risk for postoperative cardiovascular events. Hepatology 2012;56(5):1741-50. - PubMed
VanWagner 2014 {published data only}
    1. VanWagner LB, Lapin B, Levitsky J, Wilkins JT, Abecassis MM, Skaro AI, et al. High early cardiovascular mortality after liver transplantation. Liver Transplantation 2014;20(11):1306-16. - PMC - PubMed
Veiga 2012 {published data only}
    1. Veiga D, Luis C, Parente D, Fernoes V, Botelho M, Santos P, et al. Postoperative delirium in intensive care patients: risk factors and outcome. Revista Brasileira De Anestesiologia 2012;62(4):469-83. - PubMed
Venkatraghavan 2015 {published data only}
    1. Venkatraghavan L, Tan TP, Mehta J, Arekapudi A, Govindarajulu A, Siu E. Neutrophil lymphocyte ratio as a predictor of systemic inflammation - a cross-sectional study in a pre-admission setting. F1000 Research 2015;4:123. - PMC - PubMed
Vetrugno 2018 {published data only}
    1. Vetrugno L, Orso D, Matellon C, Giaccalone M, Bove T, Bignami E. The possible use of preoperative natriuretic peptides for discriminating low versus moderate-high surgical risk patient. Seminars in Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia 2018;22(4):395-402. - PubMed
Waliszek 2011 {published data only}
    1. Waliszek M, Waliszek-Iwanicka A, Grycewicz T, Jurowski P, Banach M, Rysz J, et al. Prognostic value of plasma N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide concentration in patients with normal and impaired left ventricular systolic function undergoing surgery for abdominal aortic aneurysm. Archives of Medical Science 2011;7(4):642-7. - PMC - PubMed
Ward 2006 {published data only}
    1. Ward HB, Kelly RF, Thottapurathu L, Moritz TE, Larsen GC, Pierpont G, et al. Coronary artery bypass grafting is superior to percutaneous coronary intervention in prevention of perioperative myocardial infarctions during subsequent vascular surgery. Annals of Thoracic Surgery 2006;82(3):795-801. - PubMed
Warnakulasuriya 2017 {published data only}
    1. Warnakulasuriya SR, Yates DR, Wilson JT, Stone M, Redman J, Davies S. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing has no additive incremental value to standard scoring systems when risk stratifying for bariatric surgery. Obesity Surgery 2017;27(1):187-93. - PubMed
Weissman 2011 {published data only}
    1. Weissman C, Kleln N. Pre-operative evaluation using therapeutic intensity scoring. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2011;28(1):20-8. - PubMed
Widmer 2018 {published data only}
    1. Widmer RJ, Cullen MW, Salonen BR, Sundsted KK, Raslau D, Mohabbat AB, et al. Cardiac events after noncardiac surgery in patients undergoing preoperative dobutamine stress echocardiography: findings from the Mayo Poce-DSE Investigators. American Journal of Medicine 2018;131(6):702.e15-e22. - PubMed
Wijeysundera 2010 {published data only}
    1. Wijeysundera DN, Beattie WS, Austin PC, Hux JE, Laupacis A. Non-invasive cardiac stress testing before elective major non-cardiac surgery: population based cohort study. BMJ 2010;340:b5526. - PMC - PubMed
Wijeysundera 2011 {published data only}
    1. Wijeysundera DN, Beattie WS, Karkouti K, Neuman MD, Austin PC, Laupacis A. Association of echocardiography before major elective non-cardiac surgery with postoperative survival and length of hospital stay: population based cohort study. BMJ 2011;342:d3695. - PMC - PubMed
Wijeysundera 2012 {published data only}
    1. Wijeysundera DN, Wijeysundera HC, Yun L, Wasowicz M, Beattie WS, Velianou JL, et al. Risk of elective major noncardiac surgery after coronary stent insertion: a population-based study. Circulation 2012;126(11):1355-62. - PubMed
Wijeysundera 2020 {published data only}
    1. Wijeysundera DN, Beattie WS, Hillis GS, Abbott TE, Shulman MA, Ackland GL, et al. Integration of the Duke Activity Status Index into preoperative risk evaluation: a multicentre prospective cohort study. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2020;124(3):261-70. - PubMed
Wilson 2010 {published data only}
    1. Wilson RJ, Davies S, Yates D, Redman J, Stone M. Impaired functional capacity is associated with all-cause mortality after major elective intra-abdominal surgery. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2010;105(3):297-303. - PubMed
Xara 2015 {published data only}
    1. Xara D, Mendonca J, Pereira H, Santos A, Abelha F. Adverse respiratory events after general anesthesia in patients at high risk of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Revista Brasileira De Anestesiologia 2015;65(5):359-66. - PubMed
Yun 2008 {published data only}
    1. Yun KH, Jeong MH, Oh SK, Choi JH, Rhee SJ, Park EM, et al. Preoperative plasma N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide concentration and perioperative cardiovascular risk in elderly patients. Circulation Journal 2008;72(2):195-9. - PubMed
Yurtlu 2016 {published data only}
    1. Yurtlu DA, Aksun M, Ayvat P, Karahan N, Koroglu L, Aran GO. Comparison of risk scoring systems to predict the outcome in ASA-PS V patients undergoing surgery: a retrospective cohort study. Medicine 2016;95(13):e3238. - PMC - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Alexander 2008 {published data only}
    1. Alexanderer S, Bosch JL, Hendriks JM, Visser JJ, Van Sambeek MR. The 30-day mortality of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms: influence of gender, age, diameter and comorbidities. Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery 2008;49(5):633-7. - PubMed
Andreenko 2003 {published data only}
    1. Andreenko AA, Polushin IS, Pereloma VI, Shirokov DM, Singaevskii SB, Prishvin AP. Characteristics of hemodynamic reactions during various endoscopic surgeries for cholelithiasis in patients with concurrent cardiovascular pathologies. Anesteziologiia i Reanimatologiia 2003;(4):13-9. - PubMed
Author unknown 2010 {published data only}
    1. Left ventricular systolic dysfunction and risk of postoperative complications in patients with non-coronary artery basins surgery. Russian Heart Failure Journal 2010;11(6):347-54.
Author unknown 2011 {published data only}
    1. Comparison of two methods for risk reduction of cardiac complications in vascular surgeries. Byulleten' NTsSSKh im. A.N. Bakuleva RAMN Serdechno-sosudistye zabolevaniya 2011;12(6):70-9.
Barbarash 2012 {published data only}
    1. Barbarash LS, Sumin AN, Evdokimov DO, Bezdenezhnykh AV, Korok EV, Ivanov SV, et al. Role of coronary angiography in decreasing cardiac complications rate during vascular operations. Angiologiia i Sosudistaia Khirurgiia/Angiology & Vascular Surgery 2012;18(4):33-41. - PubMed
Can 2018 {published data only}
    1. Can MG, Kocyigit OI, Hayiruoglu MB, Kocyigit M, Kayhan Z. Preoperative evaluation of the patients with cardiovascular disease undergoing noncardiac surgery. Gogus-Kalp-Damar Anestezi ve Yogun Bakim Dernegi Dergisi 2018;24(1):16-22.
Caruso 2006 {published data only}
    1. Caruso GA, Capodanno D, Giannone MT, Giannazzo D, Monte I, Nigro P, et al. The usefulness of clinical indexes in the evaluation of cardiovascular risk in non cardiac surgery. Minerva Cardioangiologica 2006;54(6):763-72. - PubMed
Dobrushina 2012 {published data only}
    1. Dobrushina OR, Korniyenko AN, Shklovsky BL, Tsarev MI, et al. Assessment of cardiac risk during extensive abdominal surgery in elderly and senile patients. Rossiiskii Meditsinskii Zhurnal 2012;(1):14-8.
Domínguez 2014 {published data only}
    1. Domínguez OD, Narváez PO. Rate of operative risk in noncardiac thoracic surgery. Revista del Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias 2014;73(1):18-23.
Faris 1999 {published data only}
    1. Faris PM, Spence RK, Larholt KM, Sampson AR, Frei D. The predictive power of baseline hemoglobin for transfusion risk in surgery patients. Orthopedics 1999;22(1):s135-40. - PubMed
Ghorra 1999 {published data only}
    1. Ghorra SG, Rzeczycki TP, Natarajan R, Pricolo VE. Colostomy closure: impact of preoperative risk factors on morbidity. American Surgeon 1999;65(3):266-9. - PubMed
Gnocchi 2000 {published data only}
    1. Gnocchi C, Risso J, Khoury M, Torn A, Noel M, Baredes N, et al. Application of a preoperative evaluation model in patients undergoing elective abdominal surgery. Medicina-Buenos Aires 2000;60(1):125-34. - PubMed
Grabowska‐Gawel 2004 {published data only}
    1. Grabowska-Gawel A. Combined subarachnoideal-extradural anesthesia for high-risk patients during surgery on the musculo-skeletal system. Ortopedia Traumatologia Rehabilitacja 2004;6(3):350-5. - PubMed
Kapma 2017 {published data only}
    1. Kapma M, Kahmann O, Stijn I, Zeebregts CJ, Vahl A. Evaluation of risk prediction models, V-POSSUM and GAS, in patients with acute abdominal aortic rupture treated with EVAR or an open procedure. Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery 2017;58(3):439-45. - PubMed
Kavarana 2003 {published data only}
    1. Kavarana MN, Azimuddin K, Agarwal A, Balsano N, Cayten CG, Agarwal N. Hemodynamic monitoring in the elderly undergoing elective colon resection for cancer. American Surgeon 2003;69(5):411-5. - PubMed
Kertai 2003 {published data only}
    1. Kertai MD, Boersma E, Bax JJ, den Meiracker AH, Urk H, Roel. Comparison between serum creatinine and creatinine clearance for the prediction of postoperative mortality in patients undergoing major vascular surgery. Clinical Nephrology 2003;59(1):17-23. - PubMed
Khan 2010 {published data only}
    1. Khan N, Naeem M, Bangash A, Sadiq M, Ahmad M, Nawaz H, et al. Prognostic indicators of mortality prior to surgery in esophageal cancer. Journal of Medical Sciences 2010;18(3):126-31.
Khoronenko 2009 {published data only}
    1. Khoronenko VE, Osipova NA, Lagutin MB, Shemetova MM. Diagnosis and prediction of the risk of perioperative cardiovascular events in geriatric patients in oncosurgical care. Anesteziologiya i Reanimatologiya 2009;(4):22-7. - PubMed
Kim 2017 {published data only}
    1. Kim JM, Harris MB, Zurakowski D, Liu W, Jupiter JB, Kim JH, et al. Predictors of carpal tunnel release after open distal radius fracture. Journal of Surgical Orthopaedic Advances 2017;26(4):227-32. - PubMed
Knaak 2020 {published data only}
    1. Knaak C, Brockhaus WR, Spies C, Borchers F, Piper SK, Radtke FM, et al. Presurgical cognitive impairment is associated with postoperative delirium and postoperative cognitive dysfunction. Minerva Anestesiologica 2020;86(4):394-403. - PubMed
Kozlov 2016 {published data only}
    1. Kozlov IA. Prevention of complications caused by myocardial ischemia-reperfusion in noncardiac surgical procedures. Byulleten Sibirskoy Meditsiny 2016;15(3):102-19.
Kuznetsov 2018 {published data only}
    1. Kuznetsov NA. Prediction of outcomes in elective surgery. Klinicheskaya Meditsina 2018;96(1):49-54.
Law 2014 {published data only}
    1. Law TR, Fludder V, Dizdarevic S, Singh N, Yusuf S, Thorburn P. The value of myocardial perfusion imaging in predicting cardiac events and hospital length of stay in abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Anaesthesia 2014;69:40.
Leo 2005 {published data only}
    1. Leo E, Biancari F, Hanhela R, Karlqvist K, Romsi P, Ylonen K, et al. Baseline oxygen delivery is associated with an increased risk of severe postoperative complications after elective open repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm. Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery 2005;46(3):279-84. - PubMed
Li 2016a {published data only}
    1. Li H, Feng G, Lin R, Zhang Y, Yao X. Prognostic value of preoperative D-dimer in metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients with targeted therapy. Chinese Journal of Clinical Oncology 2016;43(22):992-6.
Li 2018 {published data only}
    1. Li CJ, Guo C, Wang BJ, Mu DL, Wang DX. Relationship between preoperative abnormal echocardiography and occurrence of postoperative major adverse cardiac events in non-cardiac surgery patients: a nested case-control study. Medical Journal of Chinese People's Liberation Army 2018;43(2):158-65.
Macan 2004 {published data only}
    1. Macan JS, Karadža V, Kogler J, Majerič Kogler V. Role of transthoracic echocardiography in preoperative evaluation of high risk patients for thoracic surgery. Acta Medica Croatica 2004;58(3):221-4. - PubMed
Martinez 2018 {published data only}
    1. Martinez M, Sosa C, Velescu A, Llort C, Elosua R, Clara A. Predictive factors of a poor outcome following revascularization for critical limb ischemia: implications for practice. International Angiology 2018;37(5):370-6. - PubMed
Maruoka 2018 {published data only}
    1. Maruoka T, Murashima K, Kayashima K. Factors predicting postoperative complications in patients with severe preoperative co-existing diseases. Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 2018;67:213-7.
Moodley 2018 {published data only}
    1. Moodley Y. Impact of an unknown HIV serostatus on the risk of postoperative cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. University of Toronto Medical Journal 2018;95(2):32-6.
Mori 2014 {published data only}
    1. Mori S, Choi Y, Park MS, Kim H, Hong G, Yi NJ, et al. Usefulness of preoperative c-reactive protein and alpha-fetoprotein levels for prognostication of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma after living donor liver transplantation. Hepato-Gastroenterology 2014;61(136):2353-8. - PubMed
Peretich (year of publication unknown) {published data only}
    1. Peretich KT, Engoren M, Jewell ES, Maile MD. Comparison of various preoperative echocardiogram measurements for predicting 30 day mortality after non-cardiac surgery. Anesthesia and Analgesia unknown;122:unknown.
Ray 2013 {published data only}
    1. Ray KK. Erratum: Incremental value of high-sensitive troponin T in addition to the revised cardiac index for perioperative risk stratification in non-cardiac surgery (European Heart Journal (2013) 34:11 (853-862) DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehs445). European Heart Journal 2013;34(24):1777. - PubMed
Shevchenko 2005 {published data only}
    1. Shevchenko YL, Ablitsov YA, Kuznetsov NA, Anisimova OV. Lung carcinoma under combined and competitive pathologies: prognosis of radical surgery. Pul'monologiya 2005;1:16-23.
Stelzner 2003 {published data only}
    1. Stelzner S, Hellmich G, Koch R, Albert W, Ludwig K. Perioperative risk assessment in surgery - an analysis in 10395 patients. Zentralblatt Fur Chirurgie 2003;128(11):963-9. - PubMed
Sumin 2012 {published data only}
    1. Sumin AN, Gayfulin RA, Evdokimov DO, Korok EV, Bezdenezhnykh AV, Ivanov SV, et al. Impact of elder age on perioperative complications risk in non-coronary vascular surgery. Uspekhi Gerontologii 2012;25(1):143-51. - PubMed
Sumin 2013 {published data only}
    1. Sumin AN, Gayfulin RA, Korok EV, Panfilov SD, Evdokimov DO, Raykh OI, et al. Long-term survival after reconstructive surgery on non-coronary arteries in different age groups. Uspekhi Gerontologii 2013;26(3):501-10. - PubMed
Vanzetto 1999 {published data only}
    1. Vanzetto G, Sessa C, Magne JL, Guidicelli H, Ormezzano O, Fagret D, et al. Evaluation of a clinical and scintigraphy strategy of management of the cardiological risk before surgery of the abdominal aorta. Results in a series of 982 operated patients. Archives Des Maladies Du Coeur Et Des Vaisseaux 1999;92(2):211-8. - PubMed
Wolf 2001 {published data only}
    1. Wolf YG, Loersberg G, Mosseri M, Schechter D, Anner H, Weissman C, et al. Preoperative dipyridamole-thallium scanning, selective coronary revascularization and long-term survival in patients with critical lower limb ischemia. Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery 2001;42(1):89-95. - PubMed
Wunderlich 2005 {published data only}
    1. Wunderlich C, Gossrau G, Wunderlich E, Altmann E. Distinct factors correlating with adverse cardiac events after major vascular surgery. Vasa-Journal of Vascular Diseases 2005;34(1):46-9. - PubMed
Yamada 2019 {published data only}
    1. Yamada S, Osawa T, Abe T, Takada N, Matsumoto R, Ito Y, et al. The development of the preoperative nomogram predicting major perioperative complications after radical cystectomy with ileal conduit or orthotopic neobladder. Hinyokika Kiyo 2019;65(12):495-9. - PubMed
Yi 2015 {published data only}
    1. Yi A, Damodar D, Dacey M, Villacis D, Hatch GF. Quality of life and functional outcomes after multi-ligament knee reconstruction. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 2015;3(7):2094-101.
Zarich 2001 {published data only}
    1. Zarich SW, Pierce ET, Nesto RW, Mittleman MA, Bode RH, Kowalchuk G, et al. Age and history of cardiac disease as risk factors for cardiac complications after peripheral vascular surgery in diabetic patients. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 2001;76(1):34-8. - PubMed

References to ongoing studies

CTRI/2019/02/017668 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2019/02/017668. To predict 30-day in hospital mortality and morbidity using preoperative hand grip strength and comparing it with existing revised cardiac risk index and Modified Frailty Index. ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/showallp.php?mid1=31399&EncHid=&userN... (first received 14 February 2019).
NCT01280253 {published data only}
    1. NCT01280253. Preoperative biochemical predictors of outcome in patients with hip fracture. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01280253 (first received 20 January 2011).
NCT02146560 {published data only}
    1. NCT02146560. TEAMS (Troponin Elevation After Major Surgery) study. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02146560 (first received 26 March 2014).
NCT02860754 {published data only}
    1. NCT02860754. The prognostic capabilities of a preoperative six-minute walk test to independently inform cardiovascular risk after major noncardiac surgery. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02860754 (first received 9 August 2016).
NCT03016936 {published data only}
    1. NCT03016936. MET: REevaluation for Perioperative cArdIac Risk (MET-REPAIR). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03016936 (first received 11 January 2017).
NCT03436238 {published data only}
    1. NCT03436238. Myocardial Injury in Noncardiac Surgery in Sweden (MINSS). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03436238 (first received 19 February 2018).

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