Evaluation of pathological complete response as surrogate endpoint in neoadjuvant randomised clinical trials of early stage breast cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

Objective: To evaluate pathological complete response as a surrogate endpoint for disease-free survival and overall survival in regulatory neoadjuvant trials of early stage breast cancer.

Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Data sources: Medline, Embase, and Scopus to 1 December 2020.

Eligibility criteria for study selection: Randomised clinical trials that tested neoadjuvant chemotherapy given alone or combined with other treatments, including anti-human epidermal growth factor 2 (anti-HER2) drugs, targeted treatments, antivascular agents, bisphosphonates, and immune checkpoint inhibitors.

Data extraction and synthesis: Trial level associations between the surrogate endpoint pathological complete response and disease-free survival and overall survival.

Methods: A weighted regression analysis was performed on log transformed treatment effect estimates (hazard ratio for disease-free survival and overall survival and relative risk for pathological complete response), and the coefficient of determination (R²) was used to quantify the association. The secondary objective was to explore heterogeneity of results in preplanned subgroups analysis, stratifying trials according treatment type in the experimental arm, definition used for pathological complete response (breast and lymph nodes v breast only), and biological features of the disease (HER2 positive or triple negative breast cancer). The surrogate threshold effect was also evaluated, indicating the minimum value of the relative risk for pathological complete response necessary to confidently predict a non-null effect on hazard ratio for disease-free survival or overall survival.

Results: 54 randomised clinical trials comprising a total of 32 611 patients were included in the analysis. A weak association was observed between the log(relative risk) for pathological complete response and log(hazard ratio) for both disease-free survival (R²=0.14, 95% confidence interval 0.00 to 0.29) and overall survival (R² =0.08, 0.00 to 0.22). Similar results were found across all subgroups evaluated, independently of the definition used for pathological complete response, treatment type in the experimental arm, and biological features of the disease. The surrogate threshold effect was 5.19 for disease-free survival but was not estimable for overall survival. Consistent results were confirmed in three sensitivity analyses: excluding small trials (<200 patients enrolled), excluding trials with short median follow-up (<24 months), and replacing the relative risk for pathological complete response with the absolute difference of pathological complete response rates between treatment arms.

Conclusion: A lack of surrogacy of pathological complete response was identified at trial level for both disease-free survival and overall survival. The findings suggest that pathological complete response should not be used as primary endpoint in regulatory neoadjuvant trials of early stage breast cancer.

Fig 1

Correlations between effects of breast cancer treatment on pathological complete response (pCR) and disease-free survival and overall survival. Each circle represents a trial, and the surface area of the circle is proportional to the number of events observed in the corresponding trial. Straight lines represent weighted regression lines

Fig 2

Correlation between effects of breast cancer treatment on pathological complete response (pCR) and disease-free survival (panels A-C and G-I) and overall survival (panels D-F and J-L). A and D=Antracycline and taxane based v antracycline based regimens; B and E=dose dense or intensified v standard dose regimens; C and F=chemotherapy plus anti-human epidermal growth factor 2 targeted treatment; G and J=regimens containing capecitabine v standard regimens; H and K=chemotherapy plus bevacizumab; I and L=other treatments. Each circle represents a trial, and the surface area of the circle is proportional to the number of events observed in the corresponding trial. Straight lines represent weighted regression lines

Fig 3

Correlation between effects of breast cancer treatment on pathological complete response and disease-free survival (panels A and B) and overall survival (panels C and D). A and C=triple negative breast cancer; B and D=human epidermal growth factor 2 positive breast cancer. Each circle represents a trial, and the surface area of the circle is proportional to the number of events observed in the corresponding trial. Straight lines represent weighted regression lines

Fig 4

Surrogate threshold effect (STE) for disease-free survival and overall survival. Each circle represents a trial, and the surface area of the circle is proportional to the number of events observed in the corresponding trial. Straight lines represent weighted regression lines and dashed lines represent 95% prediction bands (prediction bands were based on the values predicted by the weighted regression model). In the predictions, the median weight was considered. STE, when definable, is represented by the intersection point between the horizonal line y=1 and upper 95% prediction band