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. 2021 Dec 21;11(1):24371.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-03776-w.

Sustainable green approach to synthesize Fe3O4/α-Fe2O3 nanocomposite using waste pulp of Syzygium cumini and its application in functional stability of microbial cellulases

Neha Srivastava #  1 , Manish Srivastava #  2 , Alaa Alhazmi  3   4 , Akbar Mohammad #  5 , Saif Khan  6 , Dan Bahadur Pal  7 , Shafiul Haque  8   9 , Rajeev Singh #  10 , P K Mishra  2 , Vijai Kumar Gupta  11   12
Affiliations

Sustainable green approach to synthesize Fe3O4/α-Fe2O3 nanocomposite using waste pulp of Syzygium cumini and its application in functional stability of microbial cellulases

Neha Srivastava et al. Sci Rep. .

Abstract

Synthesis of nanomaterials following green routes have drawn much attention in recent years due to the low cost, easy and eco-friendly approaches involved therein. Therefore, the current study is focused towards the synthesis of Fe3O4/α-Fe2O3 nanocomposite using waste pulp of Jamun (Syzygium cumini) and iron nitrate as the precursor of iron in an eco-friendly way. The synthesized Fe3O4/α-Fe2O3 nanocomposite has been extensively characterized through numerous techniques to explore the physicochemical properties, including X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Ultraviolet-Vis spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscope, high resolution transmission electron microscope and vibrating sample magnetometer. Further, efficiency of the Fe3O4/α-Fe2O3 nanocomposite has been evaluated to improve the incubation temperature, thermal/pH stability of the crude cellulase enzymes obtained from the lab isolate fungal strain Cladosporium cladosporioides NS2 via solid state fermentation. It is found that the presence of 0.5% Fe3O4/α-Fe2O3 nanocomposite showed optimum incubation temperature and thermal stability in the long temperature range of 50-60 °C for 15 h along with improved pH stability in the range of pH 3.5-6.0. The presented study may have potential application in bioconversion of waste biomass at high temperature and broad pH range.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
XRD pattern of synthesized product (i) and FT-IR spectra of waste pulp extract of Syzygium cumini (a) and Fe3O4/α-F2O3 nanocomposite (b) (ii).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Raman spectrum of Fe3O4/α-F2O3 nanocomposite (i) UV–Vis spectrum of Fe3O4/α-F2O3 nanocomposite [inset shows Tauc plot to determine the optical band gap] (ii).
Figure 3
Figure 3
FE-SEM micrograph of Fe3O4/α-F2O3 nanocomposite at two different magnifications (a, b), selected micrograph for the elemental mapping (c), elemental mapping for the iron (d), oxygen (e) and the overlapping of the iron and oxygen element (f).
Figure 4
Figure 4
TEM micrograph of Fe3O4/α-F2O3 nanocomposite [inset shows SAED pattern] (a), HE-TEM micrograph at two different magnifications (b, c).
Figure 5
Figure 5
M-H graph of Fe3O4/α-F2O3 nanocomposite measured with an applied magnetic field of 10 KOe.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Graph shows thermal stability of enzyme for 1 h in presence of 0.5% concentration of Fe3O4/α-F2O3 nanocomposite (a) thermal stability of enzyme in presence of 0.5% concentration of Fe3O4/α-F2O3 nanocomposite for 0–18 h (b) pH stability of enzyme in presence of 0.5% concentration of Fe3O4/α-F2O3 nanocomposite (c).
Scheme 1
Scheme 1
Schematic diagram shows synthesis process and possible mechanism involved in the formation of Fe3O4/α-F2O3 nanocomposite via green method using ripe waste pulp extract of Syzygium cumini.
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