Globally altered sleep patterns and physical activity levels by confinement in 5056 individuals: ECLB COVID-19 international online survey

Khaled Trabelsi^{1

2}, Achraf Ammar^{3

4}, Liwa Masmoudi¹, Omar Boukhris^{1

5}, Hamdi Chtourou^{1

5}, Bassem Bouaziz⁶, Michael Brach⁷, Ellen Bentlage⁷, Daniella How⁷, Mona Ahmed⁷, Patrick Mueller^{8

9}, Notger Mueller^{8

9}, Hsen Hsouna^{1

5}, Mohamed Romdhani⁵, Omar Hammouda^{1

4}, Laisa Liane Paineiras-Domingos^{10

11}, Annemarie Braakman-Jansen¹², Christian Wrede¹², Sophia Bastoni^{12

13}, Carlos Soares Pernambuco¹⁴, Leonardo Jose Mataruna-Dos-Santos¹⁵, Morteza Taheri¹⁶, Khadijeh Irandoust¹⁶, Aïmen Khacharem¹⁷, Nicola L Bragazzi^{18

19}, Jana Strahler²⁰, Jad Adrian Washif²¹, Albina Andreeva²², Stephen J Bailey²³, Jarred Acton²³, Emma Mitchell²³, Nicholas T Bott²⁴, Faiez Gargouri⁷, Lotfi Chaari²⁵, Hadj Batatia²⁵, Samira C Khoshnami²⁶, Evangelia Samara²⁷, Vasiliki Zisi²⁸, Parasanth Sankar²⁹, Waseem N Ahmed³⁰, Gamal Mohamed Ali³¹, Osama Abdelkarim^{31

32}, Mohamed Jarraya¹, Kais El Abed¹, Wassim Moalla¹, Nafaa Souissi¹, Asma Aloui⁵, Nizar Souissi⁵, Lisette Van Gemert-Pijnen¹², Bryan L Riemann³³, Laurel Riemann³⁴, Jan Delhey³⁵, Jonathan Gómez-Raja³⁶, Monique Epstein³⁷, Robbert Sanderman³⁸, Sebastian Schulz³⁹, Achim Jerg³⁹, Ramzi Al-Horani⁴⁰, Taysir Mansi⁴¹, Ismail Dergaa⁴², Mohamed Jmail⁴³, Fernando Barbosa⁴⁴, Fernando Ferreira-Santos⁴⁴, Boštjan Šimunič⁴⁵, Rado Pišot⁴⁵, Saša Pišot⁴⁵, Andrea Gaggioli⁴⁶, Jürgen Steinacker³⁹, Piotr Zmijewski⁴⁷, Cain C T Clark⁴⁸, Christian Apfelbacher⁴⁹, Jordan M Glenn⁵⁰, Helmi Ben Saad⁵¹, Karim Chamari⁵², Tarak Driss⁴, Anita Hoekelmann³

Affiliations

¹ High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia.
² Research Laboratory: Education, Motricity, Sport and Health, EM2S, LR19JS01, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia.
³ Institute of Sport Science, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany.
⁴ Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Neurosciences, Physiology and Psychology: Physical Activity, Health and Learning (LINP2), UFR STAPS, UPL, Paris Nanterre University, Nanterre, France.
⁵ Physical Activity, Sport, and Health, UR18JS01, National Observatory of Sport, Tunis, Tunisia.
⁶ Higher Institute of Computer Science and Multimedia of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia.
⁷ Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
⁸ Research Group Neuroprotection, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany.
⁹ Medical Faculty, Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
¹⁰ Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
¹¹ Faculdade Bezerra de Araújo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
¹² Department of Psychology, Health & Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherland.
¹³ Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano, Italy.
¹⁴ Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício, Estácio de Sá University, Brasil.
¹⁵ Canadian University of Dubai, Faculty of Management, Department of Sport Management, United Arab Emirates, UAE.
¹⁶ Faculty of Social Science, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran.
¹⁷ UVHC, DeVisu, Valenciennes ; LIRTES-EA 7313. Université Paris Est Créteil Val de Marne, France.
¹⁸ Department of Health Sciences, Postgraduate School of Public Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
¹⁹ Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada.
²⁰ Department of Psychology and Sport Science, University of Gießen, Gießen, Germany.
²¹ Sports Performance Division, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
²² Department of Sports Biomechanics, Moscow Center of Advanced Sport Technologies, 129272 Moscow, Russia.
²³ School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough E11 3TU, UK.
²⁴ Clinical Excellence Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA.
²⁵ Computer science department, University of Toulouse, IRIT-INP-ENSEEIHT, Toulouse, France.
²⁶ UFR STAPS, UPL, Paris Nanterre University, Nanterre, France.
²⁷ Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece.
²⁸ Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Thessaly, Greece.
²⁹ Consultant in internal medicine and diabetes, MGM muthoot hospitals pathanamthitta, Kerala, India 689645.
³⁰ Consultant family physician, CRAFT hospital and research centre, Kodungallur, Kerala, India.
³¹ Faculty of Physical Education, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
³² Institute for Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Karlsruher, Germany.
³³ Department of Health Sciences and Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA.
³⁴ PharmD, BCBS; PharmIAD, Inc, Savannah, GA, USA.
³⁵ Institute of Social Science, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany.
³⁶ FundeSalud, Dept. of Health and Social Services, Government of Extremadura, Merida, Spain.
³⁷ The E-Senior Association, Paris, France.
³⁸ Department of Health Psychology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
³⁹ Sports- and Rehabilitation Medicine, Ulm University Hospital, Leimgrubenweg, Germany.
⁴⁰ Department of Exercise Science, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan.
⁴¹ Faculty of Physical Education, The University of Jordan, Jordan.
⁴² PHCC, Primary Health Care Corporation, Doha, Qatar.
⁴³ Digital Research Centre of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia.
⁴⁴ Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
⁴⁵ Institute for Kinesiology Research, Science and Research Centre Koper, Garibaldijeva 1, Koper, Slovenia.
⁴⁶ Catholic University of the Sacred Heart I UNICATT, Milano, Italy.
⁴⁷ Institute of Sport - National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland.
⁴⁸ Centre for Intelligent Healthcare, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK.
⁴⁹ Institute for Social Medicine and Health Economy, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
⁵⁰ Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, USA.
⁵¹ Hôpital Farhat Hached de Sousse, Laboratoire de Recherche "Insuffisance Cardiaque", Université de Sousse, Sousse LR12SP09, Tunisie.
⁵² ASPETAR, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar and Laboratory ''Sport Performance Optimization'', (CNMSS); ISSEP Ksar-Said, Manouba University, Tunisia.

PMID: 34937958
PMCID: PMC8670812
DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2021.101605

Globally altered sleep patterns and physical activity levels by confinement in 5056 individuals: ECLB COVID-19 international online survey

Khaled Trabelsi et al. Biol Sport. 2021 Oct.

. 2021 Oct;38(4):495-506.

doi: 10.5114/biolsport.2021.101605. Epub 2020 Dec 23.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia.
² Research Laboratory: Education, Motricity, Sport and Health, EM2S, LR19JS01, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia.
³ Institute of Sport Science, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany.
⁴ Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Neurosciences, Physiology and Psychology: Physical Activity, Health and Learning (LINP2), UFR STAPS, UPL, Paris Nanterre University, Nanterre, France.
⁵ Physical Activity, Sport, and Health, UR18JS01, National Observatory of Sport, Tunis, Tunisia.
⁶ Higher Institute of Computer Science and Multimedia of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia.
⁷ Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
⁸ Research Group Neuroprotection, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany.
⁹ Medical Faculty, Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
¹⁰ Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
¹¹ Faculdade Bezerra de Araújo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
¹² Department of Psychology, Health & Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherland.
¹³ Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano, Italy.
¹⁴ Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício, Estácio de Sá University, Brasil.
¹⁵ Canadian University of Dubai, Faculty of Management, Department of Sport Management, United Arab Emirates, UAE.
¹⁶ Faculty of Social Science, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran.
¹⁷ UVHC, DeVisu, Valenciennes ; LIRTES-EA 7313. Université Paris Est Créteil Val de Marne, France.
¹⁸ Department of Health Sciences, Postgraduate School of Public Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
¹⁹ Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada.
²⁰ Department of Psychology and Sport Science, University of Gießen, Gießen, Germany.
²¹ Sports Performance Division, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
²² Department of Sports Biomechanics, Moscow Center of Advanced Sport Technologies, 129272 Moscow, Russia.
²³ School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough E11 3TU, UK.
²⁴ Clinical Excellence Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA.
²⁵ Computer science department, University of Toulouse, IRIT-INP-ENSEEIHT, Toulouse, France.
²⁶ UFR STAPS, UPL, Paris Nanterre University, Nanterre, France.
²⁷ Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece.
²⁸ Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Thessaly, Greece.
²⁹ Consultant in internal medicine and diabetes, MGM muthoot hospitals pathanamthitta, Kerala, India 689645.
³⁰ Consultant family physician, CRAFT hospital and research centre, Kodungallur, Kerala, India.
³¹ Faculty of Physical Education, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
³² Institute for Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Karlsruher, Germany.
³³ Department of Health Sciences and Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA.
³⁴ PharmD, BCBS; PharmIAD, Inc, Savannah, GA, USA.
³⁵ Institute of Social Science, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany.
³⁶ FundeSalud, Dept. of Health and Social Services, Government of Extremadura, Merida, Spain.
³⁷ The E-Senior Association, Paris, France.
³⁸ Department of Health Psychology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
³⁹ Sports- and Rehabilitation Medicine, Ulm University Hospital, Leimgrubenweg, Germany.
⁴⁰ Department of Exercise Science, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan.
⁴¹ Faculty of Physical Education, The University of Jordan, Jordan.
⁴² PHCC, Primary Health Care Corporation, Doha, Qatar.
⁴³ Digital Research Centre of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia.
⁴⁴ Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
⁴⁵ Institute for Kinesiology Research, Science and Research Centre Koper, Garibaldijeva 1, Koper, Slovenia.
⁴⁶ Catholic University of the Sacred Heart I UNICATT, Milano, Italy.
⁴⁷ Institute of Sport - National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland.
⁴⁸ Centre for Intelligent Healthcare, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK.
⁴⁹ Institute for Social Medicine and Health Economy, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
⁵⁰ Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, USA.
⁵¹ Hôpital Farhat Hached de Sousse, Laboratoire de Recherche "Insuffisance Cardiaque", Université de Sousse, Sousse LR12SP09, Tunisie.
⁵² ASPETAR, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar and Laboratory ''Sport Performance Optimization'', (CNMSS); ISSEP Ksar-Said, Manouba University, Tunisia.

PMID: 34937958
PMCID: PMC8670812
DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2021.101605

Abstract

Symptoms of psychological distress and disorder have been widely reported in people under quarantine during the COVID-19 pandemic; in addition to severe disruption of peoples' daily activity and sleep patterns. This study investigates the association between physical-activity levels and sleep patterns in quarantined individuals. An international Google online survey was launched in April 6^th, 2020 for 12-weeks. Forty-one research organizations from Europe, North-Africa, Western-Asia, and the Americas promoted the survey through their networks to the general society, which was made available in 14 languages. The survey was presented in a differential format with questions related to responses "before" and "during" the confinement period. Participants responded to the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire and the short form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. 5056 replies (59.4% female), from Europe (46.4%), Western-Asia (25.4%), America (14.8%) and North-Africa (13.3%) were analysed. The COVID-19 home confinement led to impaired sleep quality, as evidenced by the increase in the global PSQI score (4.37 ± 2.71 before home confinement vs. 5.32 ± 3.23 during home confinement) (p < 0.001). The frequency of individuals experiencing a good sleep decreased from 61% (n = 3063) before home confinement to 48% (n = 2405) during home confinement with highly active individuals experienced better sleep quality (p < 0.001) in both conditions. Time spent engaged in all physical-activity and the metabolic equivalent of task in each physical-activity category (i.e., vigorous, moderate, walking) decreased significantly during COVID-19 home confinement (p < 0.001). The number of hours of daily-sitting increased by ~2 hours/days during home confinement (p < 0.001). COVID-19 home confinement resulted in significantly negative alterations in sleep patterns and physical-activity levels. To maintain health during home confinement, physical-activity promotion and sleep hygiene education and support are strongly warranted.

Keywords: COVID-19 pandemic; Health; Lockdowns; Sedentary lifestyle; Sleep.

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Conflict of interest statement

All authors declare: no support from any organisation for the submitted work; no financial relationships with any organisations that might have an interest in the submitted work in the previous three years, no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work.

Figures

**FIG. 1**
Frequency (%) of individuals experiencing a good (PSQI score ≤ 5) and bad sleep (PSQI score > 5) before and during home confinement. PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index

**FIG. 2**
Classification of participants according to International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form (IPAQ-SF) scoring before and during home confinement.

**FIG. 3**
Total physical-activity energy expenditure in individual experiencing good and bad sleep before and during home confinement. Data were mean ± SD. MET: Metabolic equivalent of task; ** significant difference at p < 0.001

**FIG. 4**
Total score of Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) in low, moderate and high active participants before and during home confinement. Data were mean ± SD. ** significant difference at p < 0.001, * significant difference at p < 0.01

See this image and copyright information in PMC

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Globally altered sleep patterns and physical activity levels by confinement in 5056 individuals: ECLB COVID-19 international online survey

Affiliations

Globally altered sleep patterns and physical activity levels by confinement in 5056 individuals: ECLB COVID-19 international online survey

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

Figures

References

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources

Miscellaneous