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Multicenter Study
. 2022 Apr;37(4):500-509.
doi: 10.1177/08850666211067509. Epub 2021 Dec 23.

Association of Surge Conditions with Mortality Among Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19

Adam B Keene  1 , Andrew J Admon  2   3 , Samantha K Brenner  4   5 , Shruti Gupta  6 , Deepa Lazarous  7 , David E Leaf  6 , Hayley B Gershengorn  1   8 ; STOP-COVID Investigators
Collaborators, Affiliations
Multicenter Study

Association of Surge Conditions with Mortality Among Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19

Adam B Keene et al. J Intensive Care Med. 2022 Apr.

Abstract

Objective: To determine whether surge conditions were associated with increased mortality.

Design: Multicenter cohort study.

Setting: U.S. ICUs participating in STOP-COVID.

Patients: Consecutive adults with COVID-19 admitted to participating ICUs between March 4 and July 1, 2020.

Interventions: None.

Measurements and main results: The main outcome was 28-day in-hospital mortality. To assess the association between admission to an ICU during a surge period and mortality, we used two different strategies: (1) an inverse probability weighted difference-in-differences model limited to appropriately matched surge and non-surge patients and (2) a meta-regression of 50 multivariable difference-in-differences models (each based on sets of randomly matched surge- and non-surge hospitals). In the first analysis, we considered a single surge period for the cohort (March 23 - May 6). In the second, each surge hospital had its own surge period (which was compared to the same time periods in matched non-surge hospitals).Our cohort consisted of 4342 ICU patients (average age 60.8 [sd 14.8], 63.5% men) in 53 U.S. hospitals. Of these, 13 hospitals encountered surge conditions. In analysis 1, the increase in mortality seen during surge was not statistically significant (odds ratio [95% CI]: 1.30 [0.47-3.58], p = .6). In analysis 2, surge was associated with an increased odds of death (odds ratio 1.39 [95% CI, 1.34-1.43], p < .001).

Conclusions: Admission to an ICU with COVID-19 in a hospital that is experiencing surge conditions may be associated with an increased odds of death. Given the high incidence of COVID-19, such increases would translate into substantial excess mortality.

Keywords: COVID-19; intensive care unit; mortality; occupancy; surge.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of Conflicting Interests: The author(s) declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: HBG serves on COVID-19 Advisory Boards for Gilead Sciences, Inc.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Cohort creation.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Distribution of surge and non-surge days for each Cohort hospital.a
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
Meta-analysis of difference-in-differences models on 50 randomly matched surge/non-surge hospital sets.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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