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Review
. 2021 Nov 23;11(12):2169.
doi: 10.3390/diagnostics11122169.

The Applications of 3D Imaging and Indocyanine Green Dye Fluorescence in Laparoscopic Liver Surgery

Giammauro Berardi  1 , Marco Colasanti  1 , Roberto Luca Meniconi  1 , Stefano Ferretti  1 , Nicola Guglielmo  1 , Germano Mariano  1 , Mirco Burocchi  1 , Alessandra Campanelli  1 , Andrea Scotti  1 , Alessandra Pecoraro  1 , Marco Angrisani  1 , Paolo Ferrari  1 , Andrea Minervini  1 , Camilla Gasparoli  1 , Go Wakabayashi  2 , Giuseppe Maria Ettorre  1
Affiliations
Review

The Applications of 3D Imaging and Indocyanine Green Dye Fluorescence in Laparoscopic Liver Surgery

Giammauro Berardi et al. Diagnostics (Basel). .

Abstract

Laparoscopic liver resections have gained widespread popularity among hepatobiliary surgeons and is nowadays performed for both standard and more complex hepatectomies. Given the increased technical challenges, preoperative planning and intraoperative guidance is pivotal in laparoscopic surgery to safely carry out complex and oncologically safe hepatectomies. Modern tools can help both preoperatively and intraoperatively and allow surgeons to perform more precise hepatectomies. Preoperative 3D reconstructions and printing as well as augmented reality can increase the knowledge of the specific anatomy of the case and therefore plan the surgery accordingly and tailor the procedure on the patient. Furthermore, the indocyanine green retention dye is an increasingly used tool that can nowadays improve the precision during laparoscopic hepatectomies, especially when considering anatomical resection. The use of preoperative modern imaging and intraoperative indocyanine green dye are key to successfully perform complex hepatectomies such as laparoscopic parenchymal sparing liver resections. In this narrative review, we discuss the aspects of preoperative and intraoperative tools that are nowadays increasingly used in experienced hepatobiliary centers.

Keywords: 3D reconstructions; indocyanine green dye; laparoscopic liver resections.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Two examples of preoperative 3D imaging. (A) Reconstruction of arterial, portal, and venous system and biliary tree. (B) Reconstruction of vascular structures, portal territories and tumor.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Indocyanine green dye negative staining technique to identify the portal territories during anatomical hepatectomy.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Anatomical Parenchymal Sparing Liver Resections: (A) 3D reconstruction with tumor bearing area from pedicles of segment 5 and segment 6. (B) Intraoperative view of the isolation of the Glissonian pedicles for segment 5 and 6.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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