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. 2021 Dec 14;26(24):7580.
doi: 10.3390/molecules26247580.

Effect of Juglone against Pseudomonas syringae  pv Actinidiae Planktonic Growth and Biofilm Formation

Qiqi Han  1 , Luoluo Feng  1 , Yani Zhang  1 , Runguang Zhang  1 , Guoliang Wang  1 , Youlin Zhang  1
Affiliations

Effect of Juglone against Pseudomonas syringae  pv Actinidiae Planktonic Growth and Biofilm Formation

Qiqi Han et al. Molecules. .

Abstract

Pseudomonas syringaepv Actinidiae (P. syringae) is a common pathogen causing plant diseases. Limoli proved that its strong pathogenicity is closely related to biofilm state. As a natural bacteriostatic agent with broad-spectrum bactericidal properties, juglone can be used as a substitute for synthetic bacteriostatic agents. To explore the antibacterial mechanism, this study was carried out to examine the inhibitory effect of juglone on cell membrane destruction, abnormal oxidative stress, DNA insertion and biofilm prevention of P. syringae. Results showed that juglone at 20 μg/mL can act against planktogenic P. syringae (107 CFU/mL). Specially, the application of juglone significantly damaged the permeability and integrity of the cell membrane of P. syringae. Additionally, juglone caused abnormal intracellular oxidative stress, and also embedded in genomic DNA, which affected the normal function of the DNA of P. syringae. In addition, environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) and other methods showed that juglone effectively restricted the production of extracellular polymers, and then affected the formation of the cell membrane. This study provided a possibility for the development and utilization of natural juglone in plants, especially P. syringae.

Keywords: Pseudomonas syringae pv Actinidiae; biofilm; extracellular polymers (EPS); juglone; reactive oxide species (ROS).

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this manuscript.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Growth curve of P. syringae exposed to juglone.
Figure 2
Figure 2
CLSM was used to analyze the viability of P. syringae exposed to different concentrations of juglone.
Figure 3
Figure 3
FESEM images (×40,000) of the cell membrane of P. syringae.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Effect of juglone on the intracellular substances of P. syringae. Changes in cell membrane potential of P. syringae during exposure to juglone (A). Intracellular and extra-cellular proteins leakage of P. syringae treated with juglone (B,C). Effects of juglone on intracellular ATP concentration of P. syringae (D). Intracellular and extra-cellular nucleic acid leakage of P. syringae treated with juglone (E,F). (Each bar represents the mean ± SD of three independent experiments, ** p < 0.01 versus the control group).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Changes in intracellular ROS content. (Each bar represents the mean ± SD of three independent experiments, * p < 0.05 versus the control group, ** p < 0.01 versus the control group).
Figure 6
Figure 6
The fluorescence spectra (A), CD spectra (B) and DNA gel electrophoresis (C) of P. syringae treated with juglone (Each bar represents the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. Lanes M, 1, 2, 3 were corresponding to markers, control, MIC and MBC groups).
Figure 7
Figure 7
ESEM images of the effects of juglone on P. syringae biofilm formation (A). Crystal violet quantitative assay displayed the effect of juglone against P. syringae formation (B). C represents protein, polysaccharide mucus and DNA contents in EPS, respectively (C) (Each bar represents the mean ± SD of three independent experiments, ** p < 0.01 versus the control group).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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