Differences in COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance, Hesitancy, and Confidence between Healthcare Workers and the General Population in Japan

Abstract

Little is known about the differences in coronavirus disease (COVID-19) vaccine acceptance and hesitancy between the general population and healthcare workers in Japan. To compare these differences, a nationwide web-based cross-sectional survey was conducted on 19 January 2021, shortly before the initiation of COVID-19 vaccinations in Japan. A total of 6180 men and women aged 20-69 years and 1030 healthcare workers aged 20-69 years were enrolled. Data on COVID-19 vaccine acceptance, basic characteristics, including socioeconomic factors, and confidence in immunization in general were collected. COVID-19 vaccine acceptance was also evaluated under hypothetical vaccine effectiveness and adverse event frequencies. Factors associated with vaccine hesitancy were examined using multinomial logistic regression analysis. The COVID-19 vaccine acceptance rate was 48.6% among the general population and was lower among nurses (45.5%) and medical clerks (40.7%). Women and young adults had significantly higher COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy odds ratios, and current smokers had significantly lower odds ratios. The frequency of adverse events was a COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy factor. Even if these factors were adjusted, COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among nurses was 1.4 times higher than that among the general population. Thus, interventions to improve health literacy and vaccine hesitancy among the general population and healthcare workers, especially nurses, are needed.

Keywords: COVID-19 vaccine; health literacy; immunization; vaccine acceptance; vaccine hesitancy.

Figure 1

COVID-19 vaccine acceptance under hypothetical vaccine effectiveness, duration of effectiveness, and frequency of adverse events. (a) Vaccine acceptance under hypothetical vaccine effectiveness; (b) vaccine acceptance under hypothetical durations of effectiveness; (c) vaccine acceptance under hypothetical frequency of severe adverse events (SAE); (d) vaccine acceptance under hypothetical frequency of mild adverse events (MAE).