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Meta-Analysis
. 2021 Dec 2;13(12):2411.
doi: 10.3390/v13122411.

Influenza A and D Viruses in Non-Human Mammalian Hosts in Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Annie Kalonda  1   2   3 , Marvin Phonera  2   3   4 , Ngonda Saasa  2 , Masahiro Kajihara  5 , Catherine G Sutcliffe  6 , Hirofumi Sawa  2   3   7   8   9 , Ayato Takada  2   3   5   8 , Edgar Simulundu  2   10
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Influenza A and D Viruses in Non-Human Mammalian Hosts in Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Annie Kalonda et al. Viruses. .

Abstract

We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the prevalence and current knowledge of influenza A virus (IAV) and influenza D virus (IDV) in non-human mammalian hosts in Africa. PubMed, Google Scholar, Wiley Online Library and World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE-WAHIS) were searched for studies on IAV and IDV from 2000 to 2020. Pooled prevalence and seroprevalences were estimated using the quality effects meta-analysis model. The estimated pooled prevalence and seroprevalence of IAV in pigs in Africa was 1.6% (95% CI: 0-5%) and 14.9% (95% CI: 5-28%), respectively. The seroprevalence of IDV was 87.2% (95% CI: 24-100%) in camels, 9.3% (95% CI: 0-24%) in cattle, 2.2% (95% CI: 0-4%) in small ruminants and 0.0% (95% CI: 0-2%) in pigs. In pigs, H1N1 and H1N1pdm09 IAVs were commonly detected. Notably, the highly pathogenic H5N1 virus was also detected in pigs. Other subtypes detected serologically and/or virologically included H3N8 and H7N7 in equids, H1N1, and H3N8 and H5N1 in dogs and cats. Furthermore, various wildlife animals were exposed to different IAV subtypes. For prudent mitigation of influenza epizootics and possible human infections, influenza surveillance efforts in Africa should not neglect non-human mammalian hosts. The impact of IAV and IDV in non-human mammalian hosts in Africa deserves further investigation.

Keywords: Africa; animal influenza; influenza A virus; influenza D virus; prevalence; seroprevalence.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
PRISMA flow diagram of the selection process used to determine eligible studies.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Map of Africa showing the distribution of the number of articles/records (n = 49) included in the review. Some articles reported data from several countries. The map was created online at https://mapchart.net/ (accessed on 30 November 2021).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Number of publications included in the present study from 2000 to 2020.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Forest plot of the prevalence and seroprevalence estimates IAV. (A). Forest plot of the prevalence estimates of IAV in pigs in Africa by region; (B). Forest plot of the seroprevalence estimates of IAV in pigs in Africa by region.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Forest Plot of the Seroprevalence of IDV according to subgroups.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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