Clinical Trial

. 2022 Jan;9(1):e26-e37.

doi: 10.1016/S2352-3026(21)00368-9.

Hydroxyurea for primary stroke prevention in children with sickle cell anaemia in Nigeria (SPRING): a double-blind, multicentre, randomised, phase 3 trial

Shehu U Abdullahi¹, Binta W Jibir², Halima Bello-Manga³, Safiya Gambo⁴, Hauwa Inuwa¹, Aliyu G Tijjani⁴, Nura Idris⁴, Aisha Galadanci⁵, Mustapha S Hikima⁶, Najibah Galadanci⁷, Awwal Borodo⁸, Abdulkadir M Tabari⁹, Lawal Haliru¹⁰, Aisha Suleiman¹⁰, Jamila Ibrahim⁴, Brittany C Greene¹¹, Djamila L Ghafuri¹¹, Mark Rodeghier¹², James C Slaughter¹³, Fenella J Kirkham¹⁴, Kathleen Neville¹⁵, Adetola Kassim¹⁶, Edwin Trevathan¹⁷, Lori C Jordan¹⁸, Muktar H Aliyu¹⁹, Michael R DeBaun²⁰

Affiliations

¹ Department of Pediatrics, Bayero University/Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria.
² Department of Pediatrics, Hasiya Bayero Pediatric Hospital, Kano, Nigeria.
³ Department of Haematology and Blood Transfusion, Kaduna State University/Barau Dikko Teaching Hospital, Kaduna, Nigeria.
⁴ Department of Pediatrics, Murtala Mohammed Specialist Hospital, Kano, Nigeria.
⁵ Department of Haematology and Blood Transfusion, Bayero University/Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria.
⁶ Department of Radiology, Muhammad Abdullahi Wase Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria.
⁷ Department of Epidemiology, School of Public health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
⁸ Department of Medicine, Murtala Mohammed Specialist Hospital, Kano, Nigeria.
⁹ Department of Radiology, Kaduna State University, Barau Dikko Teaching Hospital, Kaduna, Nigeria.
¹⁰ Department of Pediatrics, Kaduna State University, Barau Dikko Teaching Hospital, Kaduna, Nigeria.
¹¹ Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt-Meharry Center of Excellence in Sickle Cell Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
¹² Rodeghier Consultants, Chicago, IL, USA.
¹³ Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt-Meharry Center of Excellence in Sickle Cell Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
¹⁴ Developmental Neurosciences, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.
¹⁵ Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
¹⁶ Department of Hematology and Oncology, Vanderbilt-Meharry Center of Excellence in Sickle Cell Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt-Meharry Center of Excellence in Sickle Cell Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
¹⁷ Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Vanderbilt-Meharry Center of Excellence in Sickle Cell Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Neurology, Vanderbilt-Meharry Center of Excellence in Sickle Cell Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
¹⁸ Department of Pediatrics, Neurology, Vanderbilt-Meharry Center of Excellence in Sickle Cell Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
¹⁹ Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Vanderbilt-Meharry Center of Excellence in Sickle Cell Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
²⁰ Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Vanderbilt-Meharry Center of Excellence in Sickle Cell Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt-Meharry Center of Excellence in Sickle Cell Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA. Electronic address: m.debaun@vumc.org.

PMID: 34971579
PMCID: PMC10072240
DOI: 10.1016/S2352-3026(21)00368-9

Clinical Trial

Hydroxyurea for primary stroke prevention in children with sickle cell anaemia in Nigeria (SPRING): a double-blind, multicentre, randomised, phase 3 trial

Shehu U Abdullahi et al. Lancet Haematol. 2022 Jan.

. 2022 Jan;9(1):e26-e37.

doi: 10.1016/S2352-3026(21)00368-9.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Department of Pediatrics, Bayero University/Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria.
² Department of Pediatrics, Hasiya Bayero Pediatric Hospital, Kano, Nigeria.
³ Department of Haematology and Blood Transfusion, Kaduna State University/Barau Dikko Teaching Hospital, Kaduna, Nigeria.
⁴ Department of Pediatrics, Murtala Mohammed Specialist Hospital, Kano, Nigeria.
⁵ Department of Haematology and Blood Transfusion, Bayero University/Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria.
⁶ Department of Radiology, Muhammad Abdullahi Wase Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria.
⁷ Department of Epidemiology, School of Public health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
⁸ Department of Medicine, Murtala Mohammed Specialist Hospital, Kano, Nigeria.
⁹ Department of Radiology, Kaduna State University, Barau Dikko Teaching Hospital, Kaduna, Nigeria.
¹⁰ Department of Pediatrics, Kaduna State University, Barau Dikko Teaching Hospital, Kaduna, Nigeria.
¹¹ Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt-Meharry Center of Excellence in Sickle Cell Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
¹² Rodeghier Consultants, Chicago, IL, USA.
¹³ Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt-Meharry Center of Excellence in Sickle Cell Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
¹⁴ Developmental Neurosciences, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.
¹⁵ Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
¹⁶ Department of Hematology and Oncology, Vanderbilt-Meharry Center of Excellence in Sickle Cell Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt-Meharry Center of Excellence in Sickle Cell Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
¹⁷ Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Vanderbilt-Meharry Center of Excellence in Sickle Cell Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Neurology, Vanderbilt-Meharry Center of Excellence in Sickle Cell Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
¹⁸ Department of Pediatrics, Neurology, Vanderbilt-Meharry Center of Excellence in Sickle Cell Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
¹⁹ Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Vanderbilt-Meharry Center of Excellence in Sickle Cell Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
²⁰ Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Vanderbilt-Meharry Center of Excellence in Sickle Cell Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt-Meharry Center of Excellence in Sickle Cell Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA. Electronic address: m.debaun@vumc.org.

PMID: 34971579
PMCID: PMC10072240
DOI: 10.1016/S2352-3026(21)00368-9

Abstract

Background: In high-income countries, standard care for primary stroke prevention in children with sickle cell anaemia and abnormal transcranial Doppler velocities results in a 92% relative risk reduction of strokes but mandates initial monthly blood transfusion. In Africa, where regular blood transfusion is not feasible for most children, we tested the hypothesis that initial moderate-dose compared with low-dose hydroxyurea decreases the incidence of strokes for children with abnormal transcranial Doppler velocities.

Methods: SPRING is a double-blind, parallel-group, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial of children aged 5-12 years with sickle cell anaemia with abnormal transcranial Doppler velocities conducted at three teaching hospitals in Nigeria. For randomisation, we used a permuted block allocation scheme with block sizes of four, stratified by sex and site. Allocation was concealed from all but the pharmacists and statisticians. Participants were assigned in a 1:1 ratio to low-dose (10 mg/kg per day) or moderate-dose (20 mg/kg per day) oral hydroxyurea taken once daily with monthly clinical evaluation and laboratory monitoring. The primary outcome was initial stroke or transient ischaemic attack, centrally adjudicated. The secondary outcome was all-cause hospitalisation. We used the intention-to-treat population for data analysis. The trial was stopped early for futility after a planned minimum follow-up of 3·0 years to follow-up for participants. This trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02560935.

Findings: Between Aug 2, 2016, and June 14, 2018, 220 participants (median age 7·2 years [IQR 5·5-8·9]; 114 [52%] female) were randomly allocated and followed for a median of 2·4 years (IQR 2·0-2·8). All participants were Nigerian and were from the following ethnic groups: 179 (82%) people were Hausa, 25 (11%) were Fulani, and 16 (7%) identified as another ethnicity. In the low-dose hydroxyurea group, three (3%) of 109 participants had strokes, with an incidence rate of 1·19 per 100 person-years and in the moderate-dose hydroxyurea group five (5%) of 111 had strokes with an incidence rate of 1·92 per 100 person-years (incidence rate ratio 0·62 [95% CI 0·10-3·20], p=0·77). The incidence rate ratio of hospitalisation for any reason was 1·71 (95% CI 1·15-2·57, p=0·0071), with higher incidence rates per 100 person-years in the low-dose group versus the moderate-dose group (27·43 vs 16·08). No participant had hydroxyurea treatment stopped for myelosuppression.

Interpretation: Compared with low-dose hydroxyurea therapy, participants treated with moderate-dose hydroxyurea had no difference in the stroke incidence rate. However, secondary analyses suggest that the moderate-dose group could lower incidence rates for all-cause hospitalisations. These findings provide an evidence-based guideline for the use of low-dose hydroxyurea therapy for children with sickle cell anaemia at risk of stroke.

Funding: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Dr. Kirkham received royalties from the MacKeith Press as a result of her contributions to the Cerebrovascular Disease and Stroke in Children book. Dr. Kirkham received consulting fees from Global Blood Therapeutics for TCD training for HOPE Kids and KOPE Kids 2. Dr. Kirkham received a payment from Johnson & Johnson for a presentation in October 2019, and from Bluebird Bio for a presentation in December 2019. Dr. Kirkham received payment for a speaker’s bureau in November 2019. Dr. Kirkham received payment for an institution discretionary for medicolegal. Dr. Kirkham received support for a European Paediatric Neurology meeting in Athens, in September 2019, from BIAL. Dr. Kirkham was part of a group who received a DWL transcranial Doppler from Global Blood Therapeutics for training purposes in HOPE Kids 2.

Dr. Trevathan served as a member of the NINDS/NIH advisory council.

Dr. DeBaun and his institution are the sponsor of two externally funded research investigator-initiated projects. Global Blood Therapeutics (GBT) will provide funding for the cost of the clinical studies. GBT will not be a co-sponsor of either study. Dr. DeBaun is not receiving any compensation for the conduct of these two-investigator initiated observational studies. Dr. DeBaun is a member of the Global Blood Therapeutics advisory board for a proposed randomized controlled trial for which he receives compensation. Dr. DeBaun is the steering committee for a Novartis-sponsored phase II trial to prevent priapism in men. Dr. DeBaun was a medical advisor for the development of the CTX001 Early Economic Model. Dr. DeBaun provided medical input on the economic model as part of an expert reference group for Vertex/CRISPR CTX001 Early Economic Model in 2020. Dr. DeBaun provided a one-time consultation to the Formal Pharmaceutical company about sickle cell disease in 2021.

Figures

**Figure 2.**
Boxplots of transcranial Doppler measurements at baseline, 3 months, and at exit, by therapy group

See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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1. Balkaran B, Char G, Morris JS, Thomas PW, Serjeant BE, Serjeant GR. Stroke in a cohort of patients with homozygous sickle cell disease. J Pediatr 1992; 120(3): 360–6. - PubMed
1. Ohene-Frempong K, Weiner SJ, Sleeper LA, et al. Cerebrovascular Accidents in Sickle Cell Disease: Rates and Risk Factors. Blood 1998; 91(1): 288–94. - PubMed
1. Adams RJ, McKie VC, Hsu L, et al. Prevention of a first stroke by transfusions in children with sickle cell anemia and abnormal results on transcranial Doppler ultrasonography. N Engl J Med 1998; 339(1): 5–11. - PubMed
1. Lagunju IA, Brown BJ, Sodeinde OO. Chronic blood transfusion for primary and secondary stroke prevention in Nigerian children with sickle cell disease: a 5-year appraisal. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013; 60(12): 1940–5. - PubMed

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Hydroxyurea for primary stroke prevention in children with sickle cell anaemia in Nigeria (SPRING): a double-blind, multicentre, randomised, phase 3 trial

Affiliations

Hydroxyurea for primary stroke prevention in children with sickle cell anaemia in Nigeria (SPRING): a double-blind, multicentre, randomised, phase 3 trial

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

Figures

References

Publication types

MeSH terms

Substances

Associated data

Grants and funding

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources

Medical