Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2021 Dec 24:2021:1574109.
doi: 10.1155/2021/1574109. eCollection 2021.

Enriched Environment Regulates Dendritic Cells to Alleviate Inflammation in Cerebral Infarction Lesions

Zhenzhen Zhong  1 , Ping Xu  1 , Jun Wen  1 , Xiangdong Li  1 , Xiaobo Zhang  1
Affiliations

Enriched Environment Regulates Dendritic Cells to Alleviate Inflammation in Cerebral Infarction Lesions

Zhenzhen Zhong et al. Comput Math Methods Med. .

Retraction in

Abstract

Objective: The aim was to investigate the role that enriched environment (EE) plays in the regulation of inflammation in cerebral infarction (CI) lesions and further explore the relationship between this regulation and dendritic cells (DCs).

Methods: 72 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into sham operation group (CON group, n = 24) and CI model group (n = 48). On completion of the establishment of CI rat models by Longa's method, rats in the models group were further assigned to standard environment group (NC group, n = 24) and EE group (n = 24). HE staining was utilized for evaluation of neuronal injury in the lesions. The number of CD74- and integrin αE-positive cells was detected by immunofluorescence. The expression of the IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in the brain tissue and serum of rats was measured by immunohistochemistry and ELISA, respectively.

Results: In comparison with the CON group, the NC and EE groups showed significant increases in neuronal injury, CD74- and Integrin αE-positive cells, DC content, as well as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α expression in brain tissue and serum. According to the further comparison between the NC group and EE group, the latter showed decreases in each indicator, and these decreases were in a time-dependent manner.

Conclusion: EE avoids the accumulation of DCs in the lesions and reduces the contents of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, consequently promoting the recovery of CI. And better recovery results can be obtained through increasing the time to stay in EE.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors claim that there is no conflict of interest between them.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The enriched environment reduces neuronal cell damage caused by cerebral infarction (CI). HE staining was performed to observe the pathological changes in the brain tissue of each group of rats (scale bar = 50 μM); per group n = 8. CON: sham operation group; NC: CI rats in the standard environment; EE: CI rats in the enriched environment.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Enriched environment inhibits cerebral infarction- (CI-) caused increases of dendritic cells. (a) Merge images of CD74 fluorescent antibody with DAPI staining; (b) merge images of Integrin αE fluorescent antibody with DAPI staining. Per group n = 8. Scale bar = 50 μM. CON: sham operation group; NC: CI rats in the standard environment; EE: CI rats in the enriched environment.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Measurement of expression of IL-1β (a), IL-6 (b), and TNF-α (c) in rat brain tissue by immunohistochemistry (scale bar = 50 μM); per group n = 8. CON: sham operation group; NC: CI rats in the standard environment; EE: CI rats in the enriched environment.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Measurement of the concentration of IL-1β (a), IL-6 (b), and TNF-α (c) in rat serum by ELISA. Per group n = 8; ∗∗P < 0.01 vs. CON group; #P < 0.05 vs. NC group. CON: sham operation group; NC: CI rats in the standard environment; EE: CI rats in the enriched environment.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Basalay M. V., Davidson S. M., Gourine A. V., Yellon D. M. Neural mechanisms in remote ischaemic conditioning in the heart and brain: mechanistic and translational aspects. Basic Research in Cardiology . 2018;113(4):p. 25. doi: 10.1007/s00395-018-0684-z. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. He D., Yu Y., Wu S., et al. Mixed cerebrovascular disease in an elderly patient with mixed vascular risk factors: a case report. BMC Neurology . 2019;19(1):p. 26. doi: 10.1186/s12883-019-1248-z. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Sveinsson Ó. Á., Sveinsson Ó. Á., Kjartansson Ó., Valdimarsson E. M. Heilablóðþurrð/heiladrep. Faraldsfræði, orsakir og einkenni. Læknablađiđ . 2014;2014(5):271–279. doi: 10.17992/lbl.2014.05.543. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Chen H., Hong H., Liu D., et al. Lesion patterns and mechanism of cerebral infarction caused by severe atherosclerotic intracranial internal carotid artery stenosis. Journal of the Neurological Sciences . 2011;307(1-2):79–85. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2011.05.012. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Petrovic-Djergovic D., Goonewardena S. N., Pinsky D. J. Inflammatory disequilibrium in stroke. Circulation Research . 2016;119(1):142–158. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.308022. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

MeSH terms

LinkOut - more resources