LSPM has consulted for bioMerieux (2013–20), DNAelectronics (2015–18), Dairy Crest (2017–18), Umovis Lab (2020), and Pfizer (2018–20), received speaker fees from Profile Pharma (2018), received research grants from the National Institute of Health Research (NIHR; 2013–20), CW+ Charity (2018–19), and Leo Pharma (2016), and received educational support from Eumedica (2016–18). SJCP has received a research grant from the Scientific Exploration Society. All other authors declare no competing interests. LSPM acknowledges support from the NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre and the NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infection and Antimicrobial Resistance at Imperial College London in partnership with Public Health England. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the UK National Health Service, the NIHR, or the UK Department of Health.