Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2022 Jan;4(1):2-3.
doi: 10.1038/s42255-021-00507-3.

Viral infection as an NAD+ battlefield

Charles Brenner  1
Affiliations

Viral infection as an NAD+ battlefield

Charles Brenner. Nat Metab. 2022 Jan.

Abstract

Coronavirus replication results in expenditure of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), the central catalyst of cellular metabolism, in the innate response to infection. Repleting NAD+ levels has the potential to enhance antiviral responses.

PubMed Disclaimer

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Upon viral entry, pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) launch expression of inflammatory cytokines including IL6, IL10 and β-IFN. These molecules exit cells and act on the same or neighboring cells. Engagement of β-IFN with interferon receptors (IFNAR) leads to activation of the JAK-STAT pathway and interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) transcription. Among the ISGs, 5 members of the PARP superfamily are transcriptionally induced concomitant with an expenditure of cellular NAD+ and transcriptional upregulation of genes for nicotinamide (NAM) and nicotinamide riboside (NR) salvage. Repletion of cellular NAD+ with NR is being tested as a means to boost the antiviral activities of the PARP superfamily members and has been found to be associated with calming the cytokine storm. Nicotinamide is undergoing clinical testing as an antiviral as well.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Dong E, Du H & Gardner L An interactive web-based dashboard to track COVID-19 in real time. Lancet Infect Dis 20, 533–534 (2020). - PMC - PubMed
    1. Heer CD et al. Coronavirus Infection and PARP Expression Dysregulate the NAD Metabolome: An Actionable Component of Innate Immunity. J Biol Chem 295, 17986–17996 (2020). - PMC - PubMed
    1. Altay O et al. Combined Metabolic Activators Accelerates Recovery in Mild-to-Moderate COVID-19. Advanced Science n/a, 2101222. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Yamada T et al. RIG-I triggers a signaling-abortive anti-SARS-CoV-2 defense in human lung cells. Nat Immunol 22, 820–828 (2021). - PubMed
    1. Rehwinkel J & Gack MU RIG-I-like receptors: their regulation and roles in RNA sensing. Nat Rev Immunol 20, 537–551 (2020). - PMC - PubMed