Application of decellularized bone matrix as a bioscaffold in bone tissue engineering

Abstract

Autologous bone grafts are commonly used as the gold standard to repair and regenerate diseased bones. However, they are strongly associated with postoperative complications, especially at the donor site, and increased surgical costs. In an effort to overcome these limitations, tissue engineering (TE) has been proposed as an alternative to promote bone repair. The successful outcome of tissue engineering depends on the microstructure and composition of the materials used as scaffold. Decellularized bone matrix-based biomaterials have been applied as bioscaffolds in bone tissue engineering. These biomaterials play an important role in providing the mechanical and physical microenvironment needed by cells to proliferate and survive. Decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) can be used as a powder, hydrogel and electrospun scaffolds. These bioscaffolds mimic the native microenvironment due to their structure similar to the original tissue. The aim of this review is to highlight the bone decellularization techniques. Herein we discuss: (1) bone structure; (2) properties of an ideal scaffold; (3) the potential of decellularized bone as bioscaffolds; (4) terminal sterilization of decellularized bone; (5) cell removing confirmation in decellularized tissues; and (6) post decellularization procedures. Finally, the improvement of bone formation by dECM and the immunogenicity aspect of using the decellularized bone matrix are presented, to illustrate how novel dECM-based materials can be used as bioscaffold in tissue engineering. A comprehensive understanding of tissue engineering may allow for better incorporation of therapeutic approaches in bone defects allowing for bone repair and regeneration.

Keywords: Bioscaffold; Bone regeneration; Decellularized extracellular matrix; Tissue engineering.

Fig. 1

Explanation of bone structure. Two main types of bone include spongy (trabecular or cancellous) and compact (cortical) bone. a. The spongy bone is highly porous. b. The compact bone consist of osteon or haversian system, surrounded by the lamella which is made up of nerve and blood vessels

Fig. 2

The picture portrayed different type of bone cells. a. Osteoclasts originate from hematopoietic stem cell, these cells destruct weary and ancient bone, b. Osteoblasts originate from mesenchymal stem cell that differentiates to the bone-lining cell and osteocyte c. Bone lining cell d. Osteocyte

Fig. 3

Schematic explanation of bone tissue engineering using 3D bioscaffold. Stem cells are derived from the patient. After seeding on 3D bioscaffolds, these cells differentiate into osteoblast and produce bone grafts to replace damaged tissue and organs

Fig. 4

Schematic explanation of DBM-derived bone tissue that can be used as a powder, ECM hydrogel, bioink and electrospun scaffold in bone tissue regeneration