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. 2021 Dec;70(4):501-509.
doi: 10.33073/pjm-2021-047. Epub 2021 Dec 23.

Identification of Genetic Variants of Human Papillomavirus in a Group of Mexican HIV/AIDS Patients and Their Possible Association with Cervical Cancer

Felipe Ortiz-Gutiérrez  1 , Lilia Sánchez-Minutti  2 , José F Martínez-Herrera  3 , Indiana D Torres-Escobar  4 , Elias B Pezzat-Said  5 , Luis Márquez-Domínguez  6 , Amado I Grandes-Blanco  7
Affiliations

Identification of Genetic Variants of Human Papillomavirus in a Group of Mexican HIV/AIDS Patients and Their Possible Association with Cervical Cancer

Felipe Ortiz-Gutiérrez et al. Pol J Microbiol. 2021 Dec.

Abstract

Infections caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and human papillomavirus (HPV) cause thousands of deaths worldwide each year. So far, there has been no consensus on whether there is a direct relationship between the incidence of neoplasms and the immunosuppression caused by HIV that could help understand if coinfection increases the likelihood of cervical cancer. The objective of the study was to identify the presence of genetic variants of HPV in a group of HIV-positive women and their possible association with cervical cancer. Cervical samples were taken from HIV-positive patients for cytological analysis to identify the HPV genotype by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing. The most prevalent L1 capsid protein mutations in the HPV genotype were analyzed in silico. Various types of HPV were identified, both high-risk (HR) and low-risk (LR). The most prevalent genotype was HPV51. Analysis of the L1 gene sequences of HPV51 isolates showed nucleotide variations. Of the samples analyzed in Puebla, Mexico, HPV51 had the highest incidence (17.5%, 7/40). Different mutations, which could be used as population markers, were detected in this area, and they have not been reported in the L1 databases for HPV51 in Mexico. Genotypes 6, 14, 86, 87, 89, and 91, not detected or reported in samples from patients with HPV in Mexico, were also identified. Data from the population analyzed suggest no direct relationship between HIV immunosuppression and cervical cancer, regardless of the high- or low-risk HPV genotype. Furthermore, it is possible to develop regional population markers for the detection of HPV based on the mutations that occur in the sequence of nucleotides analyzed.

Keywords: cervical cancer; human immunodeficiency virus; human papillomavirus; polymorphism.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of interest The authors do not report any financial or personal connections with other persons or organizations, which might negatively affect the contents of this publication and/or claim authorship rights to this publication.

Figures

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1.
HPV genotype frequency detected by PCR. Red bars – HR-HPV types, green bars – LR-HPV.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 2.
Frequency of HPV types. a) Raw data, b) calculated percentage. Age was classified into three groups: < 45, 45–54, ≥ 55 years.
Fig. 3.
Fig. 3.
Comparison of nucleotide sequences of the L1 gene of HPV51 from clinical samples. The figure shows nucleotide sequences of seven HPV51-positive clinical isolates. The reference sequence is at the top. The nucleotides from the clinical samples that were homologous to the reference sequence are shown as points. Capital letters indicate differences concerning the reference sequence. Sequence alignment was performed using ClustalW multiple alignment software v1.4.
Fig. 4.
Fig. 4.
Comparison of amino acid sequences of the L1 gene of HPV51 from clinical samples. The figure shows amino acids sequences of seven HPV51-positive clinical isolates. The reference sequence is at the top. The amino acids from the clinical samples that were homologous to the reference sequence are shown as points. Capital letters indicate differences with respect to the reference sequence. Sequence alignment was performed using ClustalW multiple alignment software v1.4.
Fig. 5.
Fig. 5.
The L1 monomer of HPV51. The I21L, E26R, I52L, V71G, and F72I mutations are highlighted in magenta.
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