Japanese Food Allergy-Labeling System and Comparison with the International Experience; Detection and Thresholds

Abstract

In the Japanese allergy-labeling system, food labeling is mandated for 7 specific ingredients (egg, cow's milk, wheat, buckwheat, peanut, shrimp, and crab) and recommended for 21 food ingredients in reference to case numbers of actual illness and the degree of seriousness. To monitor the validity of the labeling system, official methods for the detection of specific ingredient proteins in processed foods were developed. The official methods consist of ELISA methods for screening, and western blot methods for egg and milk, and PCR methods for wheat, buckwheat, peanut, shrimp/prawn, and crab as confirmation tests. The official methods consist of ELISA methods for screening, and western blot methods for egg and milk, and PCR methods for wheat, buckwheat, peanut, shrimp/prawn, and crab as confirmation tests. Threshold amounts (a few mg/kg) for labeling were set based on the approach of the analytical detections. Any foods containing protein allergens should be labeled if these contain allergens at greater than 10 ppm (mg/kg). Validation protocol criteria were established to standardize the Japanese official method. Food Safety Commission of Japan conducted a risk assessment of egg as a specific ingredient and judged that current labeling system for foods containing allergens is generally appropriate for "eggs". In the future, it is important to accumulate necessary scientific knowledge in order to carry out food health impact assessment including further refinement. The Japanese experience and knowledge of food allergy-labeling system would contribute to harmonize international labeling guidelines to protect allergic consumers globally.

Keywords: ELISA; detection; food allergy; labeling; risk assessment.

Fig.1.

Example of individual allergen declaration

Fig.2.

Example of collective allergen declaration

Fig. 3.

Consideration of Japanese food allergen-labeling threshold

Fig. 4.

SDS-PAGE images of standard proteins of egg, milk and wheat. OP: original powder, Lot 1: sample lot 1, Lot 2: sample lot 2, Lot 3: sample lot 3

Fig. 5.

SDS-PAGE images of standard proteins of buckwheat, peanut and shrimp/prawn OP: original powder, Lot 1: sample lot 1, Lot 2: sample lot 2, Lot 3: sample lot 3

Fig. 6.

Decision tree for the practical test used to monitor the allergy-labeling system