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Review
. 2020 Oct 17;9(1):95-107.
doi: 10.1016/j.gendis.2020.10.003. eCollection 2022 Jan.

SATB2: A versatile transcriptional regulator of craniofacial and skeleton development, neurogenesis and tumorigenesis, and its applications in regenerative medicine

Xia Huang  1   2 , Qiuman Chen  1   2 , Wenping Luo  1   2   3 , Mikhail Pakvasa  3   4   5 , Yuxin Zhang  1   2 , Liwen Zheng  1   2 , Shuang Li  1   2 , Zhuohui Yang  1   2 , Huan Zeng  1   2 , Fang Liang  1   2 , Fugui Zhang  1   2   3 , Daniel A Hu  3 , Kevin H Qin  3 , Eric J Wang  3 , David S Qin  3 , Russell R Reid  3   5 , Tong-Chuan He  3   5 , Aravind Athiviraham  3 , Mostafa El Dafrawy  3 , Hongmei Zhang  1   3   6
Affiliations
Review

SATB2: A versatile transcriptional regulator of craniofacial and skeleton development, neurogenesis and tumorigenesis, and its applications in regenerative medicine

Xia Huang et al. Genes Dis. .

Abstract

SATB2 (special AT-rich sequence-binding protein 2) is a member of the special AT-rich binding protein family. As a transcription regulator, SATB2 mainly integrates higher-order chromatin organization. SATB2 expression appears to be tissue- and stage-specific, and is governed by several cellular signaling molecules and mediators. Expressed in branchial arches and osteoblast-lineage cells, SATB2 plays a significant role in craniofacial pattern and skeleton development. In addition to regulating osteogenic differentiation, SATB2 also displays versatile functions in neural development and cancer progression. As an osteoinductive factor, SATB2 holds great promise in improving bone regeneration toward bone defect repair. In this review, we have summarized our current understanding of the physiological and pathological functions of SATB2 in craniofacial and skeleton development, neurogenesis, tumorigenesis and regenerative medicine.

Keywords: Bone regeneration; Development; Neurogenesis; SATB2; Tumorigenesis.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Domain structure of the human SATB1 and SATB2 proteins. (A) Schematic representation of the domain organization of human SATB1 and SATB2. The 5 domains are highly conserved between SATB1 and SATB2, including a ubiquitin-like domain (ULD), a CUT repeat-like (CUTL) domain, two CUT domains (CUT1 and CUT2), and a homeodomain (HOX). (B) Cartoon representation of the structures of ULD (Protein Data Bank code 3TUO), CUTL (Protein Data Bank code 2L1P), CUT1 (Protein Data Bank code 1wiz), CUT2 (Protein Data Bank code 2CSF), and HOX (Protein Data Bank code 1WI3) domains.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The regulative mechanism and the function of SATB2. (A) SATB2 is regulated by various cellular signaling molecules, including growth factors and cytokines secreted by cells, protein modulators and non-coding RNA molecules. (B) SATB2 plays versatile roles in craniofacial pattern and bone development, neurogenesis and tumorigenesis by regulating downstream effectors. The proteins are marked with cycles, and genes are marked with rectangles.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Potential use of SATB2 in regenerative medicine. SATB2-modified stem cells can be transplanted on or in biomaterial scaffolds to promote tissue regeneration. For example, application of SATB2 protein and stem cells loaded on scaffolds to repair bone defects of the calvaria, long bone, and mandible as well as to enhance the osseointegration of dental implants.
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