Early vs late initiation of sodium glycerophosphate: Impact on hypophosphatemia in preterm infants <32 weeks

Abstract

Background & aims: Early electrolyte and mineral imbalances have emerged as a conspicuous problem in very preterm babies since the revision of nutrition guidelines and the eventual implementation of early aggressive parenteral nutrition (PN). We opted to carry out a study with the introduction of phosphorus as sodium glycerophosphate in PN from the first day onward to reveal the impact on serum phosphorus and calcium levels following the surge in the incidence of hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia.

Methods: In this single-center, prospective, observational cohort study, inborn babies <32 gestational weeks and <1500 g between August 2017 and July 2018 were enrolled consecutively. Infants born in the first 6-month of this period were initiated PN (Early phosphorus group) containing phosphorus (1 mmol P as sodium glycerophosphate/100 ml PN) immediately after birth, and in the latter six-months, mineral-free standard PN (Control group) was commenced up until 48 h of life. Parenteral nutritional prescriptions of both groups were similar in terms of macro and micronutrient intakes except for early phosphorus, calcium, and sodium. Serum mineral and electrolyte levels were measured on Days 1-3-7 and compared between the groups. The primary outcome was the presence of hypophosphatemia in the first week of life. The secondary outcome was hypercalcemia, preterm morbidity, and mortality.

Results: A total of 261 infants were included in this study. There were 130 babies in Early phosphorus group and 131 in control group. Gestational ages (28.79 ± 2.1 vs 28.46 ± 2.2 weeks, respectively) and birth weights (1138 ± 273 vs 1090 ± 274 g, respectively) were similar in the groups. Mean serum phosphorus levels were higher on all days in Early phosphorus group (p < 0.001). Early phosphorus group had a lower incidence of hypophosphatemia on days 1-3 and 7 (p < 0.001). The percentage of hypercalcemic infants was significantly lower in Early phosphorus group on day 3 (p < 0.001). No difference was noted in terms of hypernatremia in the groups.

Conclusions: Adding phosphorus to PN in the first hours of life reduced the frequency of hypophosphatemia and hypercalcemia without any surge in hypernatremia or morbidity. Nutrition guidelines need to be revised accordingly in terms of early mineral/electrolyte supplementation.

Keywords: Hypophosphatemia; Parenteral nutrition; Prematurity; Sodium glycerophosphate.