Evaluation of Antimicrobial and Anticancer Activities of Selected Medicinal Plants of Himalayas, Pakistan

Abstract

Medicinal plants are known for their diverse use in the traditional medicine of the Himalayan region of Pakistan. The present study is designed to investigate the anticancer and antimicrobial activities of Prunus cornuta and Quercus semicarpifolia. The anticancer activity was performed using cancerous human cell lines (HepG2, Caco-2, A549, MDA-MB-231, and NCI-H1437 carcinoma cells), while the antimicrobial activity was conducted with the agar-well diffusion method. Furthermore, toxicity studies were performed on alveolar and renal primary epithelial cells. Initially, different extracts were prepared by maceration techniques using n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol, and methanol. The preliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, glycosides, and quinones. The chloroform extract of P. cornuta (PCC) exhibited significant inhibitory activity against Acinetobacter baumannii (16 mm) and Salmonella enterica (14.5 mm). The A. baumannii and S. enterica strains appeared highly susceptible to n-hexane extract of P. cornuta (PCN) with an antibacterial effect of 15 mm and 15.5 mm, respectively. The results also showed that the methanolic extracts of Quercus semecarpifolia (QSM) exhibited considerable antibacterial inhibitory activity in A. baumannii (18 mm), Escherichia coli (15 mm). The QSN and QSE extracts also showed good inhibition in A. baumannii with a 16 mm zone of inhibition. The Rhizopus oryzae strain has shown remarkable mycelial inhibition by PCM and QSN with 16 mm and 21 mm inhibition, respectively. Furthermore, the extracts of P. cornuta and Q. semicarpifolia exhibited prominent growth inhibition of breast (MDA-MB-231) and lung (A549) carcinoma cells with 19-30% and 22-39% cell viabilities, respectively. The gut cell line survival was also significantly inhibited by Q. semicarpifolia (24-34%). The findings of this study provide valuable information for the future development of new antibacterial and anticancer medicinal agents from P. cornuta and Q. semicarpifolia extracts.

Keywords: Prunus cornuta; Quercus semicarpifolia; anti-cancer; antibacterial; antifungal.

Figure 2

Cell viability: MTS assay histograms represent the percentage viability with respect to control cells (positive control: 30–40% viable cells) after exposure to: 1 ng/mL, 10 ng/mL, 0.1 µg/mL, 1 µg/mL, 10 µg/mL, 100 µg/mL of PCB, PCC, PCM, PCN extracts in A549 cells (A), Caco-2 (B), HepG2 (C), MDA-MB-231 (D), NCI-H1437 (E) cancerous cell lines and HPAEpiC (F) and RPTEC (G) cell lines. Data shown as mean ± SE (n = 3).

Figure 2

Cell viability: MTS assay histograms represent the percentage viability with respect to control cells (positive control: 30–40% viable cells) after exposure to: 1 ng/mL, 10 ng/mL, 0.1 µg/mL, 1 µg/mL, 10 µg/mL, 100 µg/mL of PCB, PCC, PCM, PCN extracts in A549 cells (A), Caco-2 (B), HepG2 (C), MDA-MB-231 (D), NCI-H1437 (E) cancerous cell lines and HPAEpiC (F) and RPTEC (G) cell lines. Data shown as mean ± SE (n = 3).

Figure 3

Cell viability: MTS assay histograms represent the percentage cell viability with respect to control cells (positive control: 20–30% viable cells) after exposure to: 1 ng/mL, 10 ng/mL, 0.1 µg/mL, 1 µg/mL, 10 µg/mL, 100 µg/mL of QSB, QSC, QSM, QSN extracts in A549 cells (A), Caco-2 (B), HepG2 (C), MDA-MB-231 (D), NCI-H1437 (E) cancerous cell lines and HPAEpiC (F) and RPTEC (G) cell lines. Data shown as mean ± SE (n = 3).

Figure 3

Cell viability: MTS assay histograms represent the percentage cell viability with respect to control cells (positive control: 20–30% viable cells) after exposure to: 1 ng/mL, 10 ng/mL, 0.1 µg/mL, 1 µg/mL, 10 µg/mL, 100 µg/mL of QSB, QSC, QSM, QSN extracts in A549 cells (A), Caco-2 (B), HepG2 (C), MDA-MB-231 (D), NCI-H1437 (E) cancerous cell lines and HPAEpiC (F) and RPTEC (G) cell lines. Data shown as mean ± SE (n = 3).

Figure 3

Cell viability: MTS assay histograms represent the percentage cell viability with respect to control cells (positive control: 20–30% viable cells) after exposure to: 1 ng/mL, 10 ng/mL, 0.1 µg/mL, 1 µg/mL, 10 µg/mL, 100 µg/mL of QSB, QSC, QSM, QSN extracts in A549 cells (A), Caco-2 (B), HepG2 (C), MDA-MB-231 (D), NCI-H1437 (E) cancerous cell lines and HPAEpiC (F) and RPTEC (G) cell lines. Data shown as mean ± SE (n = 3).

Figure 3

Cell viability: MTS assay histograms represent the percentage cell viability with respect to control cells (positive control: 20–30% viable cells) after exposure to: 1 ng/mL, 10 ng/mL, 0.1 µg/mL, 1 µg/mL, 10 µg/mL, 100 µg/mL of QSB, QSC, QSM, QSN extracts in A549 cells (A), Caco-2 (B), HepG2 (C), MDA-MB-231 (D), NCI-H1437 (E) cancerous cell lines and HPAEpiC (F) and RPTEC (G) cell lines. Data shown as mean ± SE (n = 3).

Figure 1

Details of plant species, common names, and solvents used for extraction.