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. 2021 Dec 27;11(1):78.
doi: 10.3390/plants11010078.

Antidiarrheal and Cardio-Depressant Effects of Himalaiella heteromalla (D.Don) Raab-Straube: In Vitro, In Vivo, and In Silico Studies

Fatima Saqib  1 , Faisal Usman  1 , Shehneela Malik  1 , Naheed Bano  2 , Najm Ur-Rahman  3 , Muhammad Riaz  3 , Romina Alina Marc Vlaic  4 , Crina Carmen Mureşan  4
Affiliations

Antidiarrheal and Cardio-Depressant Effects of Himalaiella heteromalla (D.Don) Raab-Straube: In Vitro, In Vivo, and In Silico Studies

Fatima Saqib et al. Plants (Basel). .

Erratum in

Abstract

Himalaiella heteromalla (D.Don) Raab-Straube is a commonly used remedy against various diseases. Crude extract and fractions of H. heteromalla were investigated for a gastrointestinal, bronchodilator, cardiovascular, and anti-inflammatory activities. H. heteromalla crude extract (Hh.Cr) relaxed spontaneous contractions and K+ (80 mM)-induced contraction in jejunum tissue dose-dependently. The relaxation of K+ (80 mM) indicates the presence of Ca++ channel blocking (CCB) effect, which was further confirmed by constructing calcium response curves (CRCs) as they caused rightward parallel shift of CRCs in a manner comparable to verapamil, so the spasmolytic effect of Hh.Cr was due to its CCB activity. Application of Hh.Cr on CCh (1 µM) and K+ (80 mM)-induced contraction in tracheal preparation resulted in complete relaxation, showing its bronchodilator effect mediated through Ca++ channels and cholinergic antagonist activity. Application of Hh.Cr on aortic preparations exhibited vasorelaxant activity through angiotensin and α-adrenergic receptors blockage. It also showed the cardio suppressant effect with negative chronotropic and inotropic response in paired atrium preparation. Similar effects were observed in in vivo models, i.e., decreased propulsive movement, wet feces, and inhibition of edema formation.

Keywords: Himalaiella heteromalla; antidiarrheal; calcium ion channel; cardio-depressant.

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Conflict of interest statement

Authors announce there are no conflict of interest concerning the publication of this research article.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
HPLC chromatogram of (A) standard phenolic compounds (B) Hh.Cr.
Figure 2
Figure 2
(A) Control spontaneous contraction. Effect of (B) crude extract (Hh.Cr), (C) Ethyl acetate fraction (Ea.Hh), (D) Aqueous fraction (Ea.Aq), and (E) verapamil on spontaneous. Effect of (F) crude extract (Hh.Cr), (G) Ethyl acetate fraction (Ea.Hh), (H) Aqueous fraction (Ea.Aq), and (I) verapamil on K+ Induced Contraction on rabbit jejunum preparations.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Effect of crude extract (Hh.Cr) Ethyl acetate fraction (Ea.Hh) and aqueous fraction (Ea.Aq) on (A) spontaneous contraction and (B) K+ (80 mM)-induce Contraction on rabbit jejunum preparations. (C) Effect of verapamil on spontaneous and K+ induced contraction on rabbit jejunum preparations. Dose–response curves of Ca++ in the presence and absence of (D) Hh.Cr (E) verapamil in the isolated rabbit jejunum preparations. Values are expressed as mean ± SEM.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Effect of (A) crude extract (Hh.Cr) (B) Ethyl acetate fraction (Ea.Hh) (C) Aqueous fraction (Ea.Aq) on K+ Induce Contraction and Effect of (D) crude extract (Hh.Cr) (E) Ethyl acetate fraction (Ea.Hh) (F) Aqueous fraction (Ea.Aq) on CCh-induced contraction on rabbit tracheal preparations. Effect of crude extract (Hh.Cr) ethyl acetate fraction (Ea.Hh) and aqueous fraction (Ea.Aq) of on (G) K+ (80 mM) Induce Contraction and (H) CCh-induced contraction on tracheal preparations. (I) Effect of verapamil on CCh1 µM and K+ induced contraction on rabbit tracheal preparations. Values are expressed as mean ± SEM.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Effect of (A) crude extract (Hh.Cr), (B) Ethyl acetate fraction (Ea.Hh), (C) Aqueous fraction (Ea.Aq), and (D) verapamil on K+ induced contraction and effect of (E) crude extract (Hh.Cr), (F) Ethyl acetate fraction (Ea.Hh), (G) Aqueous fraction (Ea.Aq), and (H) verapamil on PE 1 µM Induced Contraction on rabbit aorta preparations. Effect of crude extract (Hh.Cr) Ethyl acetate fraction (Ea.Hh) and Aqueous fraction (Ea.Aq) on (I) K+ (80 mM) Induced Contraction and (J) PE 1 µM Induced Contraction on aortic jejunum preparations. (K) Effect of verapamil on PE 1 µM and K+ Induced Contraction on rabbit tracheal preparations. Values are expressed as mean ± SEM.
Figure 6
Figure 6
(A) Spontaneous contraction. Effect of (B) crude extract (Hh.Cr), (C) Ethyl acetate fraction (Ea.Hh), and (D) Aqueous fraction (Ea.Aq) on spontaneous contraction rabbit paired atrium preparations. (E) Effect of verapamil on spontaneous contraction rabbit paired atrium preparations. Effect of crude extract (Hh.Cr) Ethyl acetate fraction (Ea.Hh) and Aqueous fraction (Ea.Aq) on (F) K+(80mM)-induced contraction. (G) force of contraction. (H) Effect of verapamil on the force of contraction and heart rate on rabbit atrium preparations. Values are expressed as mean ± SEM.
Figure 7
Figure 7
GI Charcoal meal transit (antiperistalsis) activity, castor oil-induced diarrhea activity, and carrageenan induce inflammation. Values are expressed as Mean ± SEM, and data was analyzed One way ANOVA or Two way ANOVA; * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.005, *** p < 0.0005 and **** p < 0.0001.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Molecular docking of selected compounds against muscarinic receptor, cyclooxygenase-2, and lipoxygenase 5.
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