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. 2021 Dec 28;15(1):213.
doi: 10.3390/ma15010213.

Photocatalytic Degradation of Cefixime Trihydrate by Bismuth Ferrite Nanoparticles

Ammara Nazir  1 , Shoomaila Latif  2 , Syed Farooq Adil  3 , Mufsir Kuniyil  3 , Muhammad Imran  1 , Mohammad Rafe Hatshan  3 , Farah Kanwal  4 , Baji Shaik  5
Affiliations

Photocatalytic Degradation of Cefixime Trihydrate by Bismuth Ferrite Nanoparticles

Ammara Nazir et al. Materials (Basel). .

Abstract

The present work was carried out to synthesize bismuth ferrite (BFO) nanoparticles by combustion synthesis, and to evaluate the photocatalytic activity of synthesized bismuth ferrite nanoparticles against cefixime trihydrate. BFO nanoparticles were successfully synthesized using bismuth (III) nitrate and iron (III) nitrate by a combustion synthesis method employing different types of fuels such as maltose, succinic acid, cinnamic acid, and lactose. The effects of the different types of fuels on the morphology and size of the bismuth ferrite nanoparticles were investigated. Characterization of the as-obtained bismuth ferrite nanoparticles was carried out by different techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), N2-sorption analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy. Photoluminescence studies were also carried out for the various bismuth ferrite nanoparticles obtained. Degradation of cefixime trihydrate was investigated under sunlight to evaluate the photocatalytic properties of the bismuth ferrite nanoparticles, and it was found that the bismuth ferrite nanoparticles followed first-order degradation kinetics in solar irradiation in the degradation of antibiotic, cefixime trihydrate.

Keywords: BiFeO3; cephalosporin; photocatalysis; sunlight.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
XRD pattern of (A) (a) BFO-C, (b) BFO-S, (c) BFO-L, and (d) BFO-M nanoparticles; (B) enlarged 2θ portion between 31°and 33°.
Figure 2
Figure 2
(A) UV–vis spectra and (B) band gap graph for (a) BFO-C, (b) BFO-S, (c) BFO-L, and (d) BFO-M nanoparticles.
Figure 3
Figure 3
FTIR spectra of (a) BFO-C, (b) BFO-S, (c) BFO-L, and (d) BFO-M nanoparticles.
Figure 4
Figure 4
(A) PL spectra for (a) BFO-C, (b) BFO-S, (c) BFO-L, and (d) BFO-M nanoparticles and (B) an enlarged PL intensity around the 487 nm wavelength.
Figure 5
Figure 5
SEM images of (a) BFO-C, (b) BFO-S, (c) BFO-L, and (d) BFO-M nanoparticles.
Figure 6
Figure 6
EDS micrograph of (a) BFO-C, (b) BFO-S, (c) BFO-L, and (d) BFO-M nanoparticles.
Figure 7
Figure 7
(A) N2 adsorption–desorption isotherm and (B) pore volume distribution graph for (a) BFO-C, (b) BFO-S, (c) BFO-L, and (d) BFO-M nanoparticles.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Photocatalytic activity of (a) BFO-C, (b) BFO-S, (c) BFO-L, and (d) BFO-M nanoparticles towards the degradation of the cefixime trihydrate drug.
Figure 9
Figure 9
HPLC chromatograms showing cefixime trihydrate and samples of cefixime trihydrate treated with (a) BFO-C, (b) BFO-S, (c) BFO-L, and (d) BFO-M nanoparticles.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Effect of BFO concentration for the degradation of cefixime trihydrate.
Figure 11
Figure 11
Effect of cefixime trihydrate concentration on the performance of BFO photocatalyst.
Figure 12
Figure 12
Time dependence of the degradation of cefixime trihydrate using BFO nanoparticles.
Figure 13
Figure 13
Effect of pH on the degradation of cefixime trihydrate.
Figure 14
Figure 14
Reusability of BFO-M photocatalyst for the degradation of cefixime trihydrate.
Figure 15
Figure 15
First-order kinetics model for cefixime degradation by BFO-M catalyst.
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