GASTROINTESTINAL COMPLICATIONS OF CORONAVIRUS DISEASE (COVID-19)
- PMID: 35019132
- PMCID: PMC8735202
- DOI: 10.1590/0102-672020210002e1620
GASTROINTESTINAL COMPLICATIONS OF CORONAVIRUS DISEASE (COVID-19)
Abstract
Background: It is currently understood that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) directly enters target cells by binding to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. Accordingly, tissues with high expression levels of ACE2 are more susceptible to infection, including pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells, small intestine enterocytes, cholangiocytes, and vascular endothelial cells. Considering the atypical manifestations of COVID-19 and the challenges of early diagnosis, this review addresses the possible gastrointestinal complications of the disease.
Method: The phrase "Gastrointestinal complication of COVID" was searched in the PubMed, Medline, and SciELO databases. Due to the heterogeneity of the studies included in the present review, a narrative synthesis of the available qualitative data was performed.
Result: The literature search retrieved 28 articles, primarily case reports and case series, for the qualitative analysis of gastrointestinal complications of COVID-19, in addition to two retrospective cohort and one case-control. The studies focused on hemorrhagic, thrombotic, ischemic, and perforation complications, in addition to acute pancreatitis and pneumatosis intestinalis.
Conclusion: There is a straight relationship between high expression levels of ACE2 in the gastrointestinal tract and its greater susceptibility to direct infection by SARS-CoV-2. So, it is important to consider the gastrointestinal infection manifestations for early diagnosis and treatment trying to avoid more serious complications and death.
Racional:: Atualmente, entende-se que o vírus SARS-CoV-2 é capaz de infectar diretamente células-alvo por acoplamento ao receptor da enzima conversora de angiotensina 2 (ECA 2), por isso tecidos que contêm altos níveis de ECA 2 estão mais suscetíveis a infecção, como as células epiteliais dos alvéolos pulmonares, os enterócitos do intestino delgado, os colangiócitos e o endotélio vascular.
Objetivo:: Levando em consideração as manifestações atípicas da COVID-19 e a dificuldade na suspeita diagnósticaprecoce, esta revisão busca apresentar aspossíveis complicações gastrointestinais da doença.
Método:: A busca foi realizada com o descritor“Gastrointestinal complication of COVID” nas bases de dados PubMed, Medline e SciELO e dada à natureza heterogênea dos textos adicionados a esta revisão, optou-se pela realização uma síntese qualitativa narrativa dos dados disponíveis.Foram selecionados 28 artigos para análise qualitativa sobre o tema, sendo principalmente relatos e séries de casos, além de duas coortes retrospectivas e um caso-controle.Os estudos tratavam de complicações hemorrágicas, trombóticas, isquêmicas, perfurativas, além de pancreatite aguda e pneumatose intestinal.
Resultados:: Diversos autores sugerem que o vírus tenha um papel direto no dano às células da mucosa gastrointestinal. Os estudos relatam casos de hemorragia gastrointestinal, assim como fenômenos trombóticos e isquêmicos, reforçando o papel do SARS-CoV-2 nos distúrbios de coagulação. Casos de perfuração intestinal e pancreatite também foram associados à COVID-19.
Conclusão:: Uma vez que a relação entre altos níveis de ECA 2 no trato gastrointestinal e a sua maior suscetibilidade a infecção direta pelo vírus SARS-CoV-2 esteja estabelecida, é importante estar atento para as diferentes manifestações e complicações gastrointestinais e serem elas diagnosticadas e tratadas precocemente.
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