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Randomized Controlled Trial
. 2022 Mar 4;115(3):790-798.
doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab426.

Effect of a single high dose of vitamin D3 on cytokines, chemokines, and growth factor in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19

Alan L Fernandes  1 , Igor H Murai  1 , Bruna Z Reis  1 , Lucas P Sales  1 , Mayara D Santos  1 , Ana J Pinto  2 , Karla F Goessler  2 , Camila S C Duran  1 , Carla B R Silva  1 , André S Franco  1 , Marina B Macedo  1 , Henrique H H Dalmolin  1 , Janaina Baggio  1 , Guilherme G M Balbi  1 , Leila Antonangelo  3 , Valeria F Caparbo  1 , Bruno Gualano  2   4 , Rosa M R Pereira  1
Affiliations
Randomized Controlled Trial

Effect of a single high dose of vitamin D3 on cytokines, chemokines, and growth factor in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19

Alan L Fernandes et al. Am J Clin Nutr. .

Abstract

Background: The modulating effect of vitamin D on cytokine concentrations in severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains unknown.

Objectives: We aimed to investigate the effect of a single high dose of vitamin D3 on cytokines, chemokines, and growth factor in hospitalized patients with moderate to severe COVID-19.

Methods: This is a post hoc, ancillary, and exploratory analysis from a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. Patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 were recruited from 2 hospitals in São Paulo, Brazil. Of 240 randomly assigned patients, 200 were assessed in this study and randomly assigned to receive a single oral dose of 200,000 IU vitamin D3 (n = 101) or placebo (n = 99). The primary outcome was hospital length of stay, which has been published in our previous study. The prespecified secondary outcomes were serum concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D. The post hoc exploratory secondary outcomes were IL-4, IL-12p70, IL-17A, IFN-γ, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), IL-8, IFN-inducible protein-10 (IP-10), macrophage inflammatory protein-1β (MIP-1β), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and leukocyte count. Generalized estimating equations for repeated measures, with Bonferroni's adjustment, were used for testing all outcomes.

Results: The study included 200 patients with a mean ± SD age of 55.5 ± 14.3 y and BMI of 32.2 ± 7.1 kg/m2, of which 109 (54.5%) were male. GM-CSF concentrations showed a significant group-by-time interaction effect (P = 0.04), although the between-group difference at postintervention after Bonferroni's adjustment was not significant. No significant effects were observed for the other outcomes.

Conclusions: The findings do not support the use of a single dose of 200,000 IU vitamin D3, compared with placebo, for the improvement of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factor in hospitalized patients with moderate to severe COVID-19.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04449718.

Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; acute-phase reactants; immune response; inflammation; vitamin D.

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Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Trial Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) diagram. All analyses were performed according to the patient’s randomization group using an intention-to-treat approach. There were no missing data for cytokines, chemokines, growth factor, and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations. Missingness for leukocyte count (2 patients in the vitamin D3 group) was random and handled by generalized estimating equation models. For patients who died throughout the follow-up, blood samples were not collected at postintervention. COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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