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. 2022 Jan 18;1(1):MR000028.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.MR000028.pub3.

How effects on health equity are assessed in systematic reviews of interventions

Vivian Welch  1   2 , Omar Dewidar  2 , Elizabeth Tanjong Ghogomu  3 , Salman Abdisalam  4 , Abdulah Al Ameer  4 , Victoria I Barbeau  4 , Kevin Brand  5 , Kisanet Kebedom  4 , Maria Benkhalti  6 , Elizabeth Kristjansson  7 , Mohamad Tarek Madani  4 , Alba M Antequera Martín  8 , Christine M Mathew  4 , Jessie McGowan  9 , William McLeod  4 , Hanbyoul Agatha Park  4 , Jennifer Petkovic  3 , Alison Riddle  10 , Peter Tugwell  9 , Mark Petticrew  11 , Jessica Trawin  4 , George A Wells  2
Affiliations

How effects on health equity are assessed in systematic reviews of interventions

Vivian Welch et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Enhancing health equity is endorsed in the Sustainable Development Goals. The failure of systematic reviews to consider potential differences in effects across equity factors is cited by decision-makers as a limitation to their ability to inform policy and program decisions. OBJECTIVES: To explore what methods systematic reviewers use to consider health equity in systematic reviews of effectiveness.

Search methods: We searched the following databases up to 26 February 2021: MEDLINE, PsycINFO, the Cochrane Methodology Register, CINAHL, Education Resources Information Center, Education Abstracts, Criminal Justice Abstracts, Hein Index to Foreign Legal Periodicals, PAIS International, Social Services Abstracts, Sociological Abstracts, Digital Dissertations and the Health Technology Assessment Database. We searched SCOPUS to identify articles that cited any of the included studies on 10 June 10 2021. We contacted authors and searched the reference lists of included studies to identify additional potentially relevant studies.

Selection criteria: We included empirical studies of cohorts of systematic reviews that assessed methods for measuring effects on health inequalities. We define health inequalities as unfair and avoidable differences across socially stratifying factors that limit opportunities for health. We operationalised this by assessing studies which evaluated differences in health across any component of the PROGRESS-Plus acronym, which stands for Place of residence, Race/ethnicity/culture/language, Occupation, Gender or sex, Religion, Education, Socioeconomic status, Social capital. "Plus" stands for other factors associated with discrimination, exclusion, marginalisation or vulnerability such as personal characteristics (e.g. age, disability), relationships that limit opportunities for health (e.g. children in a household with parents who smoke) or environmental situations which provide limited control of opportunities for health (e.g. school food environment).

Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently extracted data using a pre-tested form. Risk of bias was appraised for included studies according to the potential for bias in selection and detection of systematic reviews. MAIN RESULTS: In total, 48,814 studies were identified and the titles and abstracts were screened in duplicate. In this updated review, we identified an additional 124 methodological studies published in the 10 years since the first version of this review, which included 34 studies. Thus, 158 methodological studies met our criteria for inclusion. The methods used by these studies focused on evidence relevant to populations experiencing health inequity (108 out of 158 studies), assess subgroup analysis across PROGRESS-Plus (26 out of 158 studies), assess analysis of a gradient in effect across PROGRESS-Plus (2 out of 158 studies) or use a combination of subgroup analysis and focused approaches (20 out of 158 studies). The most common PROGRESS-Plus factors assessed were age (43 studies), socioeconomic status in 35 studies, low- and middle-income countries in 24 studies, gender or sex in 22 studies, race or ethnicity in 17 studies, and four studies assessed multiple factors across which health inequity may exist. Only 16 studies provided a definition of health inequity. Five methodological approaches to consider health equity in systematic reviews of effectiveness were identified: 1) descriptive assessment of reporting and analysis in systematic reviews (140 of 158 studies used a type of descriptive method); 2) descriptive assessment of reporting and analysis in original trials (50 studies); 3) analytic approaches which assessed differential effects across one or more PROGRESS-Plus factors (16 studies); 4) applicability assessment (25 studies) and 5) stakeholder engagement (28 studies), which is a new finding in this update and examines the appraisal of whether relevant stakeholders with lived experience of health inequity were included in the design of systematic reviews or design and delivery of interventions. Reporting for both approaches (analytic and applicability) lacked transparency and was insufficiently detailed to enable the assessment of credibility.

Authors' conclusions: There is a need for improvement in conceptual clarity about the definition of health equity, describing sufficient detail about analytic approaches (including subgroup analyses) and transparent reporting of judgments required for applicability assessments in order to consider health equity in systematic reviews of effectiveness.

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Conflict of interest statement

BK, EU, MP, PT, and VW are members of the Cochrane and Campbell Equity Methods Group. MP, BK and PT are Co‐Conveners of the Cochrane and Campbell Equity Methods Group; EU is the Field Administrator.

Some of the authors of this review team are authors on one or more of the empirical studies included in this review (PT, MP, EK, EU, VW, JM, GW, JP, TJ, OD). We sought to minimize the possible bias of analysis and synthesis of these studies by having studies co‐authored by authors of this review team extracted by a review author who was not a co‐author of the methodology study (JdM, MB, CM, WM, AR, AA, SA, AAM, VB, KK, MTM, HAP or EG).

Figures

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1
PRISMA flow chart
2
2
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

References

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Jackson‐Best 2018 {published data only}
    1. Jackson-Best F, Edwards N. Stigma and intersectionality: a systematic review of systematic reviews across HIV/AIDS, mental illness, and physical disability. BMC Public Health 2018;18(1):1-19. - PMC - PubMed
Jarvis 2020 {published data only}
    1. Jarvis MA, Padmanabhanunni A, Balakrishna Y, Chipps J. The effectiveness of interventions addressing loneliness in older persons: an umbrella review. International Journal of Africa Nursing Sciences 2020;12:100177.
Jepson 2010 {published data only}
    1. Jepson RG, Harris FM, Platt S, Tannahill C. The effectiveness of interventions to change six health behaviours: a review of reviews. BMC Public Health 2010;10:538. - PMC - PubMed
Johnson 2003 {published data only}
    1. Johnson SM, Karvonen CA, Phelps CL, Nader S, Sanborn BM. Assessment of analysis by gender in the Cochrane reviews as related to treatment of cardiovascular disease. Journal of Women's Health 2003;12(5):449-57. - PubMed
Jones 2003 {published data only}
    1. Jones G, Steketee RW, Black RE, Bhutta ZA, Morris SS. How many child deaths can we prevent this year? Lancet 2003;362(9377):65-71. - PubMed
Kamitani 2017 {published data only}
    1. Kamitani E, Sipe TA, Higa DH, Mullins MM, Soares J. Evaluating the effectiveness of physical exercise interventions in persons living with HIV: overview of systematic reviews. AIDS Education and Prevention 2017;29(4):347–63. - PMC - PubMed
Khambalia 2012 {published data only}
    1. Khambalia AZ, Dickinson S, Hardy LL, Gill T, Baur LA. A synthesis of existing systematic reviews and meta-analyses of school-based behavioural interventions for controlling and preventing obesity. Obesity Reviews 2012;13(3):214-33. - PubMed
Komro 2013 {published data only}
    1. Komro KA, Tobler AL, Delisle AL, O'Mara RJ, Wagenaar AC. Beyond the clinic: improving child health through evidence-based community development. BMC Pediatrics 2013;13:172. - PMC - PubMed
Legere 2018 {published data only}
    1. Legere LE, McNeill S, Schindel Martin L, Acorn M, An D. Nonpharmacological approaches for behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia in older adults: a systematic review of reviews. Journal of Clinical Nursing 2018;27:1360-76. - PubMed
Lewin 2008 {published data only}
    1. Lewin S, Lavis JN, Oxman AD, Bastias G, Chopra M, Ciapponi A, et al. Supporting the delivery of cost-effective interventions in primary health-care systems in low-income and middle-income countries: an overview of systematic reviews. Lancet 2008;372(9642):928-39. - PubMed
Liu 2012 {published data only}
    1. Liu JJ, Davidson E, Bhopal RS, White M, Johnson MR, Netto G, et al. Adapting health promotion interventions to meet the needs of ethnic minority groups: mixed-methods evidence synthesis. Health Technology Assessment 2012;16(44):1-469. - PMC - PubMed
Lopez‐Alcalde 2019 {published data only}
    1. Lopez-Alcalde J, Stallings E, Cabir Nunes S, Fernandez Chavez A, Daheron M, Bonfill Cosp X, et al. Consideration of sex and gender in Cochrane reviews of interventions for preventing healthcare-associated infections: a methodology study. BMC Health Services Research 2019;19:169. - PMC - PubMed
Lorenc 2013 {published data only}
    1. Lorenc T, Petticrew M, Welch V, Tugwell P. What types of interventions generate inequalities? Evidence from systematic reviews. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 2013;67(2):190-3. - PubMed
Macintyre 2020 {published data only}
    1. Macintyre AK, Torrens C, Campbell P, Maxwell M, Pollock A, Biggs H, et al. Socioeconomic inequalities and the equity impact of population-level interventions for adolescent health: an overview of systematic reviews. Public Health 2020;180:154-62. - PubMed
Maden 2017 {published data only}
    1. Maden M, Cunliffe A, McMahon N, Booth A, Carey GM, Paisley S, et al. Use of programme theory to understand the differential effects of interventions across socio-economic groups in systematic reviews-a systematic methodology review. Systematic Reviews 2017;6:266. - PMC - PubMed
Main 2008 {published data only}
    1. Main C, Thomas S, Ogilvie D, Stirk L, Petticrew M, Whitehead M, et al. Population tobacco control interventions and their effects on social inequalities in smoking: placing an equity lens on existing systematic reviews. BMC Public Health 2008;8:178. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-8-178] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Mannocci 2020 {published data only}
    1. Mannocci A, D’Egidio V, Backhaus I, Federici A, Sinopoli A, Varela A R, et al. Are there effective interventions to increase physical activity in children and young people? An umbrella review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020;17(10):3528. - PMC - PubMed
Martineau 2013 {published data only}
    1. Martineau F, Tyner E, Lorenc T, Petticrew M, Lock K. Population-level interventions to reduce alcohol-related harm: an overview of systematic reviews. Preventive Medicine 2013;57(4):278-96. - PubMed
Matjasko 2012 {published data only}
    1. Matjasko JL, Vivolo-Kantor AM, Massetti GM, Holland KM, Holt MK, Cruz JD. A systematic meta-review of evaluations of youth violence prevention programs: Common and divergent findings from 25 years of meta-analyses and systematic reviews. Aggression and Violent Behavior 2012;17(6):540-52. - PMC - PubMed
Matwiejczyk 2018 {published data only}
    1. Matwiejczyk L, Mehta K, Scott J, Tonkin E, Coveney J. Characteristics of effective interventions promoting healthy eating for pre-schoolers in childcare settings: an umbrella review. Nutrients 2018;10(3):293. - PMC - PubMed
McArthur 2017 {published data only}
    1. McArthur C, Gibbs JC, Patel R, Papaioannou A, Neves P, , Killingbeck J, et al. A scoping review of physical rehabilitation in long-term care: interventions, outcomes, tools. Canadian Journal on Aging 2017;36(4):435-52. - PubMed
McMahon 2019 {published data only}
    1. McMahon N, Thomson K, Kaner E, Bambra C. Effects of prevention and harm reduction interventions on gambling behaviours and gambling related harm: an umbrella review. Addictive Behaviors 2019;90:380-8. - PubMed
Menezes 2009 {published data only}
    1. Menezes EV, Yakoob MY, Soomro T, Haws RA, Darmstadt GL, Bhutta ZA. Reducing stillbirths: prevention and management of medical disorders and infections during pregnancy. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2009;9(SUPPL. 1):S4. - PMC - PubMed
Morrison 2004 {published data only}
    1. Morrison A, Wertheimer AI. Compilation of quantitative overviews of studies of adherence. Drug Information Journal 2004;38(2):197-210.
Mukamana 2016 {published data only}
    1. Mukamana O, Johri M. What is known about school-based interventions for health promotion and their impact in developing countries? A scoping review of the literature. Health Education Research 2016;31(5):587-602. - PubMed
Nasser 2007 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Nasser M Ortiz Z, Berenstein G, Garcìa Dieguez M, Angel Exposito J, Pardo J. Guidelines for preparing Cochrane Reviews relevant to Developing Countries. In: XV Cochrane Colloquium 23-27 October. Sao Paulo, Brazil: Cochrane Collaboration, 2007.
Newbatt 2011 {published data only}
    1. Newbatt E, Gholitabar M, McGuire H, Ullman R. Using 'Implications for practice' from Cochrane reviews to promote worldwide improvements in healthcare. Poster presentation at the 19th Cochrane Colloquium; 2011 Oct 19-22; Madrid, Spain [abstract]. Abstracts of the 19th Cochrane Colloquium 2011.
Nittas 2020 {published data only}
    1. Nittas V, Ameli V, Little M, Humphreys D K. Exploring the equity impact of mobile health-based human immunodeficiency virus interventions: a systematic review of reviews and evidence synthesis. Digit Health 2020;6:2055207620942360. - PMC - PubMed
O'Donnell 2014 {published data only}
    1. O'Donnell A, AndersonP, Newbury-Birch D, Schulte B, Schmidt C, Reimer J, et al. The impact of brief alcohol interventions in primary healthcare: a systematic review of reviews. Alcohol and Alcoholism 2014;49(1):66-78. - PMC - PubMed
O'Neil 2014 {published data only}
    1. O'Neill J, Tabish H, Welch V, Petticrew M, Pottie K, Clarke M, et al. Applying an equity lens to interventions: using PROGRESS ensures consideration of socially stratifying factors to illuminate inequities in health. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2014;7(1):56-64. - PubMed
Odierna 2009 {published data only}
    1. Odierna DH, Bero LA. Systematic reviews reveal unrepresentative evidence for the development of drug formularies for poor and nonwhite populations. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2009;62(12):1268-78. - PubMed
Ogilvie 2004 {published data only}
    1. Ogilvie D, Petticrew M. Reducing social inequalities in smoking: can evidence inform policy? A pilot study. Tobacco Control 2004;13(2):129-31. - PMC - PubMed
Pantoja 2017 {published data only}
    1. Pantoja T, Opiyo N, Lewin S, Paulsen EJ, Ciapponi A, Wiysonge CS, et al. Implementation strategies for health systems in low-income countries: an overview of systematic reviews. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 9. Art. No: CD011086. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD011086.pub2] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Petkovic 2018 {published data only}
    1. Petkovic J, Trawin J, Dewidar O, Yoganathan M, Tugwell P, Welch V. Sex/gender reporting and analysis in Campbell and Cochrane systematic reviews: a cross-sectional methods study. Systematic Reviews 2018;7(1):1-11. - PMC - PubMed
Phillips 2017 {published data only}
    1. Phillips D, Coffey C, Gallagher E, Villar PF, Stevenson J, Tsoli S, et al. State-society Relations in Low- and Middle-income Countries: an Evidence Gap Map. 3ie Evidence Gap Map 7. London: International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie), 2017.
Pons‐Vigués 2014 {published data only}
    1. Pons-Vigués M, Diez E, Morrison J, Salas-Nicás S, Hoffmann R, Burstrom B, et al. Social and health policies or interventions to tackle health inequalities in European cities: a scoping review. BMC Public Health 2014;14:198. - PMC - PubMed
Powell 2020 {published data only}
    1. Powell RM, Parish SL, Mitra M, Rosenthal E. Role of family caregivers regarding sexual and reproductive health for women and girls with intellectual disability: a scoping review. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 2020;64(2):131-57. - PMC - PubMed
Pundir 2020 {published data only}
    1. Pundir P, Saran A, White H, Subrahmanian R, Adona J. Interventions for reducing violence against children in low- and middle-income countries: an evidence and gap map. Campbell Systematic Reviews 2020;16(4):1-37. - PMC - PubMed
Questa 2020 {published data only}
    1. Questa K, Das M, King R, Everitt M, Rassi C, Cartwright C, et al. Community engagement interventions for communicable disease control in low- and lower- middle-income countries: evidence from a review of systematic reviews. International Journal for Equity in Health 2020;19(1):1-20. - PMC - PubMed
Richardson 2015 {published data only}
    1. Richardson M, Moore DA, Gwernan-Jones R, Thompson-Coon J, Ukoumunne O, Rogers M, et al. Non-pharmacological interventions for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) delivered in school settings: systematic reviews of quantitative and qualitative research. Health Technology Assessment 2015;19(45):1-470. - PMC - PubMed
Ruane‐McAteer 2019 {published data only}
    1. Ruane-McAteer E, Amin A, Hanratty J, Lynn F, Van Willenswaard KC, Reid E, et al. Interventions addressing men, masculinities, and gender equality in sexual and reproductive health and rights: an evidence and gap map and systematic review of reviews. BMJ Global Health 2019;37(5):10. - PMC - PubMed
Safron 2011 {published data only}
    1. Safron M, Cislak A, Gaspar T, Luszczynska A. Effects of school-based interventions targeting obesity-related behaviors and body weight change: a systematic umbrella review. Behavioral Medicine 2011;37(1):15-26. - PubMed
Shackleton 2016 {published data only}
    1. Shackleton N, Jamal F, Viner RM, Dickson K, Patton GC, Bonell C. School- based interventions going beyond health education to promote adolescent health: systematic review of reviews. Journal of Adolescent Health 2016;58(4):382-96. - PubMed
Shannon 2014 {published data only}
    1. Shannon G, Alberg C, Nacul L, Pashayan N. Preconception healthcare delivery at a population level: construction of public health models of preconception care. Maternal and Child Health Journal 2014;18(6):1512-31. - PubMed
Shannon 2014a {published data only}
    1. Shannon G, Alberg C, Nacul L, Pashayan N. Preconception healthcare and congenital disorders: systematic review of the effectiveness of preconception care programs in the prevention of congenital disorders. Maternal and Child Health Journal 2014;18(6):1354-79. - PubMed
Shea 2009 {published data only}
    1. Shea B, Andersson N, Henry D. Increasing the demand for childhood vaccination in developing countries: a systematic review. BMC International Health and Human Rights 2009;9(Suppl 1):S5. - PMC - PubMed
Sherr 2009 {published data only}
    1. Sherr LM. Evidence-based gender findings for children affected by HIV and AIDS - A systematic overview. AIDS Care - Psychological and Socio-Medical Aspects of AIDS/HIV 2009;21(SUPPL. 1):2009. - PMC - PubMed
SmithBattle 2017 {published data only}
    1. SmithBattle L, Loman DG, Chantamit-O-Pas C, Schneider JK. An umbrella review of meta-analyses of interventions to improve maternal outcomes for teen mothers. Journal of Adolescence 2017;59:97-111. - PubMed
Soler 2019 {published data only}
    1. Soler O, Barreto JO. Community-level pharmaceutical interventions to reduce the risks of polypharmacy in the elderly: Overview of systematic reviews and economic evaluations. Frontiers in Pharmacology 2019;10:302. - PMC - PubMed
Stewart 2006 {published data only}
    1. Stewart D, Stavness C, King G, Antle B, Law M, Stewart D, et al. A critical appraisal of literature reviews about the transition to adulthood for youth with disabilities. Physical & Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics 2006;26(4):5-24. - PubMed
Stockley 2008 {published data only}
    1. Stockley L, Lund V. Use of folic acid supplements, particularly by low-income and young women: a series of systematic reviews to inform public health policy in the UK. Public Health Nutrition 2008;11(8):807-21. - PubMed
Strasßner 2020 {published data only}
    1. StrasßnerC, Hoffmann M, Forstner J, Roth C, Szecsenyi J, Wensing M. Interventions to improve hospital admission and discharge management: an umbrella review of systematic reviews. Quality Management in Health Care 2020;29(2):67-75. - PubMed
Sumner 2015 {published data only}
    1. Sumner SA, Mercy JA, Dahlberg LL, Hillis SD, Klevens J, Houry D. Violence in the United States: status, challenges, and opportunities. JAMA 2015;4(5):478-88. - PMC - PubMed
Thomson 2018 {published data only}
    1. Thomson K, Hillier-Brown F, Todd A, McNamara C, Huijts T, Bambra C. The effects of public health policies on health inequalities in high-income countries: an umbrella review. BMC Public Health 2018;18:869. - PMC - PubMed
Thomson 2019 {published data only}
    1. Thomson K, Hillier-Brown F, Walton N, Bilaj M, Bambra C, Todd A. The effects of community pharmacy-delivered public health interventions on population health and health inequalities: a review of reviews. Preventive Medicine 2019;124:98-109. - PubMed
Tsikata 2003 {published data only}
    1. Tsikata S, Robinson V, Petticrew M, Kristjansson B, Moher D, McGowan J, et al. Do Cochrane systematic reviews contain useful information about health equity? [abstract]. In: XI.Cochrane Colloquium.Evidence, Health Care and Culture; Oct 26-31;. Barcelona., Spain: Cochrane Collaboration, 2003:77.
Tugwell 2008 {published data only}
    1. Tugwell P, Maxwell L, Welch V, Kristjansson E, Petticrew M, Wells G, et al. Is health equity considered in systematic reviews of the Cochrane Musculoskeletal Group? Arthritis Care and Research 2008;59(11):1603-10. - PubMed
Ueffing 2011 {published data only}
    1. Ueffing E, Pardo Pardo J, Welch V, Borkhoff C M, Krisjansson E, Petticrew M, et al. Sex- and gender-based analyses in Cochrane Reviews: methods and lessons learned. Poster presentation at the 19th Cochrane Colloquium; 2011 Oct 19-22; Madrid, Spain [abstract]. Abstracts of the 19th Cochrane Colloquium 2011:71-2.
van't Riet 2014 {published data only}
    1. van't Riet J, Crutzen R, Lu AS. How effective are active videogames among the young and the old? Adding meta-analyses to two recent systematic reviews. Games for Health Journal 2014;3(5):311-8. - PMC - PubMed
van Sluijs 2011 {published data only}
    1. Sluijs EM, Kriemler S, McMinn AM. The effect of community and family interventions on young people's physical activity levels: a review of reviews and updated systematic review. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2011;45(11):914-22. - PMC - PubMed
Vergidis 2009 {published data only}
    1. Vergidis PI, Falagas ME. Meta-analyses on behavioral interventions to reduce the risk of transmission of HIV. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 2009;23(2):309-14. - PubMed
Visser 2018 {published data only}
    1. Visser J, McLachlan MH, Fergusson P, Volmink J, Garner P Art . Supplementary feeding for food insecure, vulnerable and malnourished populations ‐ an overview of systematic reviews.. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 6. Art. No: CD010578. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010578] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Visser J, McLachlan MH, Maayan N, Garner P. Community-based supplementary feeding for food insecure, vulnerable and malnourished populations - an overview of systematic reviews. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2018, Issue 11. Art. No: CD010578. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010578.pub2] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Viswanathan 2008 {published data only}
    1. Viswanathan M, Viswanathan M. Tailoring systematic reviews to meet critical priorities in maternal health in the intrapartum period. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 2008;22(Suppl 1):10-7. - PubMed
Weaver 2016 {published data only}
    1. Weaver MS, Heinze KE, Bell CJ, Weiner L, Garee AM, Kelly KP, et al. Establishing psychosocial palliative care standards for children and adolescents with cancer and their families: an integrative review. Palliative Medicine 2016;30(3):212-23. - PMC - PubMed
Welch 2012 {published data only}
    1. Welch V, Petticrew M, Ueffing E, Jandu MB, Brand K, Dhaliwal B, et al. Does consideration and assessment of effects on health equity affect the conclusions of systematic reviews? A methodology study. PLOS One 2012;7(3):e31360. - PMC - PubMed
Welch 2013 {published data only}
    1. Welch V, Petticrew M, Tugwell P, Moher D, O'Neill J, Waters E, et al. PRISMA-Equity 2012 extension: reporting guidelines for systematic reviews with a focus on health equity. PLOS Medicine 2013;34(1):60-7. - PMC - PubMed
Welch 2016 {published data only}
    1. Welch V, Petkovic J, Pardo Pardo J, Rader T, Tugwell P. Interactive social media interventions to promote health equity: an overview of reviews. Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada : Research, Policy and Practice 2016;36(4):63-75. - PMC - PubMed
White 2016 {published data only}
    1. White MI, Dionne CE, Warje O, Koehoorn M, Wagner S L, Schultz IZ, et al. Physical activity and exercise interventions in the workplace impacting work outcomes: a stakeholder-centered best evidence synthesis of systematic reviews. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2016;7(2):61-74. - PMC - PubMed
Wilson 2012 {published data only}
    1. Wilson MG, Husbands W, Makoroka L, Rueda S, Greenspan NR, Eady A, et al. Counselling, case management and health promotion for people living with HIV/AIDS: an overview of systematic reviews. AIDS and Behavior 2012;17(5):1612-25. - PMC - PubMed
Witten 2017 {published data only}
    1. Witten CB, Kruger S, Taljaard C, Kahler B, Verstraeten R, Booth A. A systematic review of reviews on effective home, family and community based interventions from low-and middle-income countries to inform the breastfeeding action plan for South Africa. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 2017;71:872.
Xu 2016 {published data only}
    1. Xu J, Lombardi G, Jiao W, Banfi G. Effects of exercise on bone status in female subjects, from young girls to postmenopausal women: an overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Sports Medicine 2016;46(8):1165-82. - PubMed
Yakoob 2009 {published data only}
    1. Yakoob MY, Menezes EV, Soomro T, Haws RA, Darmstadt GL, Bhutta ZA. Reducing stillbirths: behavioural and nutritional interventions before and during pregnancy. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2009;9(SUPPL. 1):S3. - PMC - PubMed
Yount 2017 {published data only}
    1. Yount KM, Krause KH, Miedema SS. Preventing gender-based violence victimization in adolescent girls in lower-income countries: systematic review of reviews. Social Science & Medicine 2017;192:1-13. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Ahmad 2010 {published data only}
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AHRQ 2010 {published data only}
    1. West SL, Gartlehner G, Mansfield AJ, Poole C, Tant E, Lenfestey N, et al. Comparative effectiveness methods: clinical heterogeneity. Prepared for Agency of Healthcare Research and Quality, US Department of Health and Human Services 2010;Contract No. 290-2007-10056-I and Part II(AHRQ Publication No. 10-EHC-070-EF).
Barlow 2004 {published data only}
    1. Barlow JH, Ellard DR, Barlow JH, Ellard DR. Psycho-educational interventions for children with chronic disease, parents and siblings: an overview of the research evidence base. Child: Care, Health & Development 2004;30(6):637-45. - PubMed
Craig 2003 {published data only}
    1. Craig LA, Browne KD, Stringer I. Treatment and sexual offense recidivism. Trauma & Abuse: a Review Journal 2003;4(70):89-95.
Espinosa‐Aguilar 2007 {published data only}
    1. Espinosa-Aguilar A, Caraveo-Anduaga J, Zamora-Olvera M, Arronte-Rosales A, Krug-Llamas E, Olivares-Santos R, et al. Clinical guideline for diagnosis and treatment of depression in elderly. Salud Mental 2007;30(6):Nov-Dec.
Gaes 1999 {published data only}
    1. Gaes GG, Flanagan TJ, Motiuk LL. Adult correctional treatment. In: Michael Tonry and Joan Petersilia, editors(s). Crime and Justice. Prisons edition. Vol. 26. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999:361-426.
Gulmezoglu 1997 {published data only}
    1. Gulmezoglu M, Onis M, Villar J. Effectiveness of interventions to prevent or treat impaired fetal growth. Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey 1997;52(2):139-49. - PubMed
Huntley 2017 {published data only}
    1. Huntley AL, King AJ, Moore TH, Paterson C, Persad R, Sharp D, et al. Methodological exemplar of integrating quantitative and qualitative evidence – supportive care for men with prostate cancer: what are the most important components? Journal of Advanced Nursing 2017;73(1):5-20. - PubMed
Krishnaratne 2016 {published data only}
    1. Krishnaratne S, Hensen B, Cordes J, Enstone J, Hargreaves JR. Interventions to strengthen the HIV prevention cascade: a systematic review of reviews. Lancet 2016;3(7):e307-17. - PubMed
Lee 2016 {published data only}
    1. Lee H, McCullough C. The effectiveness of interventions to address childhood asthma: a scan of the literature and current approaches. MDRC working paper. MDRC 2016.
Maden 2018 {published data only}
    1. Maden M, McMahon N, Booth A, Dickson R, Paisley S, Gabbay M. Toward a theory-led metaframework for considering socioeconomic health inequalities within systematic reviews. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2018;104:84-94. - PubMed
Newman 2020 {published data only}
    1. Newman TV, San-Juan-Rodriguez A, Parekh N, Swart EC, Klein-Fedyshin M, Shrank WH, et al. Impact of community pharmacist-led interventions in chronic disease management on clinical, utilization, and economic outcomes: an umbrella review. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy 2020;16(9):1155-65. - PubMed
Nguyen 2020 {published data only}
    1. Nguyen P, Le LK, Nguyen D, Gao L, Dunstan DW, Moodie M. The effectiveness of sedentary behaviour interventions on sitting time and screen time in children and adults: an umbrella review of systematic reviews. Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2020;17(1):1-11. - PMC - PubMed
Panteli 2015 {published data only}
    1. Panteli D, Kreis J, Busse R. Considering equity in health technology assessment: an exploratory analysis of agency practices. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 2015;31(5):314-23. - PubMed
    1. Panteli D, Zentner A, Busse R. Equity and health technology assessment: a systematic review of the literature. In: www.mig.tu-berlin.de/fileadmin/a38331600/2010.lectures/Poster_equity_201.... Dublin, Ireland: Health Technology Internatonal (HTAi) Annual Meeting (6-9 Jun 2010), 2010.
Prabhakaran 2018 {published data only}
    1. Prabhakaran D, Anand S, Watkins D, Gaziano T, Wu Y, Mbanya JC, e al. Cardiovascular, respiratory, and related disorders: key messages from Disease Control Priorities, 3rd edition. Lancet 2017;391(10126):1224-36. - PMC - PubMed
Proper 2019 {published data only}
    1. Proper KI, Oostrom SH. The effectiveness of workplace health promotion interventions on physical and mental health outcomes - a systematic review of reviews. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health 2019;45(6):546-59. - PubMed
Skelton 2020 {published data only}
    1. Skelton KR, Lowe C, Zaltz DA, Benjamin-Neelon SE. Garden-based interventions and early childhood health: an umbrella review. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2020;17(1):1-9. - PMC - PubMed
Thomas 2008 {published data only}
    1. Thomas S, Fayter D, Misso K, Ogilvie D, Petticrew M, Sowden A, et al. Population tobacco control interventions and their effects on social inequalities in smoking: systematic review. Tobacco Control 2008;17(4):230-7. - PMC - PubMed

References to ongoing studies

Avşar 2018 {published data only}
    1. Avşar TS, McLeod H, Jackson L. Health outcomes of maternal smoking during pregnancy and postpartum period for the mother and infant: protocol for an umbrella review. Systematic Reviews 2018;7(1):1-4. - PMC - PubMed
Besnier 2019 {published data only}
    1. Besnier E, Thomson K, Stonkute D, Mohammad T, Akhter N, Todd A, et al. Which public health interventions are effective in reducing morbidity, mortality and health inequalities from infectious diseases amongst children in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs): protocol for an umbrella review. BMJ Open 2019;9(12):e032981. - PMC - PubMed

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References to other published versions of this review

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