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. 2021 Dec 30;14(1):67.
doi: 10.3390/v14010067.

Detection and Molecular Characterization of Canine Alphacoronavirus in Free-Roaming Dogs, Bangladesh

Mohammad Enayet Hossain  1 , Ariful Islam  2   3   4 , Shariful Islam  2   4 , Md Kaisar Rahman  2   4 , Mojnu Miah  1 , Md Shaheen Alam  1 , Mohammed Ziaur Rahman  1
Affiliations

Detection and Molecular Characterization of Canine Alphacoronavirus in Free-Roaming Dogs, Bangladesh

Mohammad Enayet Hossain et al. Viruses. .

Abstract

Canine coronavirus (CCoV) is widespread among the dog population and causes gastrointestinal disorders, and even fatal cases. As the zoonotic transmission of viruses from animals to humans has become a worldwide concern nowadays, it is necessary to screen free-roaming dogs for their common pathogens due to their frequent interaction with humans. We conducted a cross-sectional study to detect and characterize the known and novel Corona, Filo, Flavi, and Paramyxoviruses in free-roaming dogs in Bangladesh. Between 2009-10 and 2016-17, we collected swab samples from 69 dogs from four districts of Bangladesh, tested using RT-PCR and sequenced. None of the samples were positive for Filo, Flavi, and Paramyxoviruses. Only three samples (4.3%; 95% CI: 0.9-12.2) tested positive for Canine Coronavirus (CCoV). The CCoV strains identified were branched with strains of genotype CCoV-II with distinct distances. They are closely related to CCoVs from the UK, China, and other CoVs isolated from different species, which suggests genetic recombination and interspecies transmission of CCoVs. These findings indicate that CCoV is circulating in dogs of Bangladesh. Hence, we recommend future studies on epidemiology and genetic characterization with full-genome sequencing of emerging coronaviruses in companion animals in Bangladesh.

Keywords: Bangladesh; canine; coronavirus; epidemiology; zoonotic.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Sampling sites and sample numbers from 4 study districts.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic tree based on the partial RdRp sequence of Coronaviridae. CCoV strains in this study are indicated by rhombus (blue colored). The tree was calculated using the Maximum Likelihood method with the Kimura 2-parameter distance model. The percentages of replicate trees (>70%) in which the associated taxa clustered together in the bootstrap test (1000 replicates) are shown next to the branches. RdRp, RNA dependent RNA polymerase; CCoV, canine coronavirus; CCoV-I, canine coronavirus type I; CCoV-II, canine coronavirus type II; CCoV-IIa, canine corona-virus subtype IIa; CCoV-IIb, canine coronavirus subtype IIb; FCoV, feline coronavirus.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic tree based on the partial nonstructural protein 14 (Nsp14) sequence of Coronaviridae. CCoV strains in this study are indicated by rhombus (blue colored). Canine CoV, feline CoV, Betacoronavirus, Gammacoronavirus, Deltacoronavirus sequences are shown in the phylogeny. The tree was calculated using the Maximum Likelihood method with the Kimura 2-parameter distance model. The percentages of replicate trees (>70%) in which the associated taxa clustered together in the bootstrap test (1000 replicates) are shown next to the branches.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Median-joining phylogenetic network of Coronaviridae. The median-joining network was constructed from the partial RdRp sequences. Each unique sequence is represented by a circle sized relative to its frequency in the dataset. Isolates are colored according to the location. RdRp, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.
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