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. 2022 Jan 6:12:789845.
doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.789845. eCollection 2021.

The Depth-Depended Fungal Diversity and Non-depth-Depended Aroma Profiles of Pit Mud for Strong-Flavor Baijiu

Wenchao Cai  1   2   3 , Yu'ang Xue  1   3 , Fengxian Tang  1   3 , Yurong Wang  2 , Shaoyong Yang  4 , Wenhui Liu  4 , Qiangchuan Hou  2 , Xinquan Yang  1   3 , Zhuang Guo  2 , Chunhui Shan  1   3
Affiliations

The Depth-Depended Fungal Diversity and Non-depth-Depended Aroma Profiles of Pit Mud for Strong-Flavor Baijiu

Wenchao Cai et al. Front Microbiol. .

Abstract

Microorganisms in pit mud are the essential factor determining the style of strong flavor Baijiu. The spatial distribution characteristics of fungal communities and aroma in the pit mud for strong flavor Baijiu from Xinjiang, China, were investigated using Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing and electronic nose technology. A total of 138 fungal genera affiliated with 10 fungal phyla were identified from 27 pit mud samples; of these, Saccharomycopsis, Aspergillus, and Apiotrichum were the core fungal communities, and Aspergillus and Apiotrichum were the hubs that maintain the structural stability of fungal communities in pit mud. The fungal richness and diversity, as well as aroma of pit mud, showed no significant spatial heterogeneity, but divergences in pit mud at different depths were mainly in pH, total acid, and high abundance fungi. Moisture, NH4 +, and lactate were the main physicochemical factors involved in the maintenance of fungal stability and quality in pit mud, whereas pH had only a weak effect on fungi in pit mud. In addition, the fungal communities of pit mud were not significantly associated with the aroma. The results of this study provide a foundation for exploring the functional microorganisms and dissecting the brewing mechanism of strong flavor Baijiu in Xinjiang, and also contributes to the improvement of pit mud quality by bioaugmentation and controlling environmental physicochemical factors.

Keywords: Chinese strong-flavor Baijiu; Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing; aroma; electronic nose; fungal diversity; pit mud.

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Conflict of interest statement

SY and WL were employed by company Hubei Guxiangyang Baijiu Co., Ltd. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Physicochemical indicators of PM samples at different depths. Significant difference is represented by ** (0.001 ≤ p < 0.01), * (0.01 ≤ p < 0.05), and ns (p ≥ 0.05), respectively.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Four α-diversity indexes of PM samples at different depths.
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
Fungal composition of PM samples at the level of phylum (A) and genus (B).
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4
Fungal shared OTUs in PM samples at different depths (A) and average relative abundance (B) of core OTUs in PM samples.
FIGURE 5
FIGURE 5
PCoA score plots based on weighted (A) and unweighted (B) UniFrac distances. Identification of discriminant taxa among PM samples at different depths by LEfSe: Cladogram of the fungal communities (C). Horizontal bar chart showing discriminant taxa (D).
FIGURE 6
FIGURE 6
Co-occurrence network depicting the interactions between fungal communities (A). RDA biplot showing the relationship between the dominant fungal genera and physicochemical factors (B).
FIGURE 7
FIGURE 7
Box plot for aroma profiles of PM samples at different depths (A). PCA biplot based on the aroma profiles of PM samples (B). Procrustes analysis of the correlation between dominant fungal genera and aroma profiles (M2 = 0.887, p = 0.123, 999 permutations) (C).
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