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Review
. 2022 Mar:26:101505.
doi: 10.1016/j.genrep.2022.101505. Epub 2022 Jan 15.

Global data analysis and risk factors associated with morbidity and mortality of COVID-19

Sina Salajegheh Tazerji  1   2 , Fatemeh Shahabinejad  3 , Mahya Tokasi  4 , Mohammad Ali Rad  5 , Muhammad Sajjad Khan  6 , Muhammad Safdar  6   7 , Krzysztof J Filipiak  8 , Lukasz Szarpak  9 , Tomasz Dzieciatkowski  10 , Jan Jurgiel  11 , Phelipe Magalhães Duarte  12 , Md Tanvir Rahman  13 , Md Abdus Sobur  13 , Md Saiful Islam  13 , Adnan Ahmed  14 , Mohamed N F Shaheen  15 , Awad A Shehata  16   17 , Rasha Gharieb  18 , Mohamed Fawzy  19 , Yashpal Singh Malik  20 , Nagaraj Jaganathasamy  21 , Vinodhkumar Obli Rajendran  22 , Kannan Subbaram  23 , P Shaik Syed Ali  23 , Sheeza Ali  23 , Saif Ur Rehman  24 , Mehmet Ozaslan  7 , Gulfaraz Khan  25 , Muhammad Saeed  6 , Umair Younas  6 , Safdar Imran  26 , Yasmeen Junejo  6 , Parmida Arabkarami  2 , Unarose Hogan  27 , Alfonso J Rodriguez-Morales  28   29   30
Affiliations
Review

Global data analysis and risk factors associated with morbidity and mortality of COVID-19

Sina Salajegheh Tazerji et al. Gene Rep. 2022 Mar.

Abstract

This review was focused on global data analysis and risk factors associated with morbidity and mortality of coronavirus disease 2019 from different countries, including Bangladesh, Brazil, China, Central Eastern Europe, Egypt, India, Iran, Pakistan, and South Asia, Africa, Turkey and UAE. Male showed higher confirmed and death cases compared to females in most of the countries. In addition, the case fatality ratio (CFR) for males was higher than for females. This gender variation in COVID-19 cases may be due to males' cultural activities, but similar variations in the number of COVID-19 affected males and females globally. Variations in the immune system can illustrate this divergent risk comparatively higher in males than females. The female immune system may have an edge to detect pathogens slightly earlier. In addition, women show comparatively higher innate and adaptive immune responses than men, which might be explained by the high density of immune-related genes in the X chromosome. Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 viruses use angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) to enter the host cell, and men contain higher ACE2 than females. Therefore, males may be more vulnerable to COVID-19 than females. In addition, smoking habit also makes men susceptible to COVID-19. Considering the age-wise distribution, children and older adults were less infected than other age groups and the death rate. On the contrary, more death in the older group may be associated with less immune system function. In addition, most of these group have comorbidities like diabetes, high pressure, low lungs and kidney function, and other chronic diseases. Due to the substantial economic losses and the numerous infected people and deaths, research examining the features of the COVID-19 epidemic is essential to gain insight into mitigating its impact in the future and preparedness for any future epidemics.

Keywords: COVID-19; COVID-19, Coronavirus disease 2019; Epidemiology; Mortality; One-health; Pandemic; SARS-CoV-2; SARS-CoV-2, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Cases of COVID-19 associated with different medical conditions. Data are included from March 1, 2020, to August 31, 2021 (CDC Laboratory Confirmed COVID-19 Associated Hospitalizations, 2021).
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Details of Indian state-wise percentage of morality due to COVID-19 as of 06.10.2021 (Source: https://www.mygov.in/covid-19).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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