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. 2022 Jan 28;8(4):eabk2722.
doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abk2722. Epub 2022 Jan 26.

Highly efficient and stable perovskite solar cells enabled by low-dimensional perovskitoids

Jinbo Chen  1 , Yingguo Yang  2 , Hua Dong  1   3 , Jingrui Li  1   4 , Xinyi Zhu  1 , Jie Xu  1 , Fang Pan  4 , Fang Yuan  1 , Jinfei Dai  1 , Bo Jiao  1 , Xun Hou  1 , Alex K-Y Jen  5   6   7 , Zhaoxin Wu  1   3
Affiliations

Highly efficient and stable perovskite solar cells enabled by low-dimensional perovskitoids

Jinbo Chen et al. Sci Adv. .

Abstract

Deep traps originated from the defects formed at the surfaces and grain boundaries of the perovskite absorbers during their lattice assembly are the main reasons that cause nonradiative recombination and material degradation, which notably affect efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Here, we demonstrate the substantially improved PSC performance by capping the photoactive layer with low-dimensional (LD) perovskitoids. The undercoordinated Pb ions and metallic Pb at the surfaces of the three-dimensional (3D) perovskite are effectively passivated via the Pb-I bonding from the favorably lattice-matched 3D/LD interface. The good stability and hydrophobicity of the LD (0D and 1D) perovskitoids allow excellent protection of the 3D active layer under severe environmental conditions. The PSC exhibits a power conversion efficiency of 24.18%, reproduced in an accredited independent photovoltaic testing laboratory. The unencapsulated device maintains 90% of its initial efficiency after 800 hours of continuous illumination under maximum power point operating conditions.

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Figures

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1.. Structure of LD perovskitoids.
(A and B) Atomic structure of (A) (p-PBA)Pb2I6 (1D) and (B) (m-PBA)2PbI6 (0D). (C and D) Polycrystalline film XRD (black) and simulated XRD from single-crystal structure (red) of (C) 1D and (D) 0D. a.u., arbitrary units.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 2.. Fabrication and morphology of 3D/LD heterojunction perovskite films.
(A) Scheme of one-step fabrication. Top surface SEM images (B to D), AFM images (E to G), and cross-sectional SEM images (H to J) of perovskite films fabricated with IPA, IPA + p-PBAI2, and IPA + m-PBAI2. Yellow dashed circles in (C) and (D) highlight the plate-like morphology.
Fig. 3.
Fig. 3.. Structure characteristics of 3D/LD films.
(A to C) GIWAXS patterns of perovskite films prepared with (A) IPA, (B) IPA + p-PBAI2, and (C) IPA + m-PBAI2. The x-ray beam at an incident angle of 0.1°. (D) Corresponding radially integrated intensity of GIWAXS data.
Fig. 4.
Fig. 4.. Lattice matching between 3D perovskite and LD perovskitoids.
(A and B) Powder HRTEM of (A) 3D/1D BHJ and (B) 3D/0D BHJs. (C and D) Cross-sectional TEM of (C) 3D/1D film and (D) 3D/0D films. (E and F) Lattice-matching analysis based on highlights of blue circled regions in (C) and (D), respectively.
Fig. 5.
Fig. 5.. Schemes of lattice matching.
(A) 3D/1D. (B) 3D/0D. (C) Scheme of 1D and 0D passivation.
Fig. 6.
Fig. 6.. Performance of PSCs.
(A to C) Typical J-V curves of (A) pure 3D, (B) 3D/1D, and (C) 3D/0D devices. FF, fill factor. (D and E) Statistics of (D) Voc and (E) PCE of devices prepared with the optimum concentration and without organic salts. (F) Photon-to-electron conversion efficiency curves for pure 3D (IPA) and 3D/0D (IPA + m-PBAI2) devices. EQE, external quantum efficiency.
Fig. 7.
Fig. 7.. Characterization of surface defect passivation.
(A) UPS spectra measured with the onset of bias voltage versus gold. (B) XPS spectra of Pb 4f. (C) TRPL spectra (with samples deposited on quartz) for the films. (D) Trap density of states (DOS) from TAS. (E and F) Light intensity dependence of (E) Voc and (F) Jsc for investigated PSC devices.
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