. 2022 Jan 26;13(1):517.

doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-27668-9.

National identity predicts public health support during a global pandemic

Jay J Van Bavel¹, Aleksandra Cichocka², Valerio Capraro³, Hallgeir Sjåstad⁴, John B Nezlek^{5

6}, Tomislav Pavlović⁷, Mark Alfano⁸, Michele J Gelfand⁹, Flavio Azevedo¹⁰, Michèle D Birtel¹¹, Aleksandra Cislak⁵, Patricia L Lockwood^{12

13}, Robert Malcolm Ross¹⁴, Koen Abts¹⁵, Elena Agadullina¹⁶, John Jamir Benzon Aruta¹⁷, Sahba Nomvula Besharati¹⁸, Alexander Bor¹⁹, Becky L Choma²⁰, Charles David Crabtree²¹, William A Cunningham²², Koustav De²³, Waqas Ejaz²⁴, Christian T Elbaek²⁵, Andrej Findor²⁶, Daniel Flichtentrei²⁷, Renata Franc⁷, Biljana Gjoneska²⁸, June Gruber²⁹, Estrella Gualda^{30

31}, Yusaku Horiuchi²¹, Toan Luu Duc Huynh³², Agustin Ibanez^{33

34}, Mostak Ahamed Imran³⁵, Jacob Israelashvili³⁶, Katarzyna Jasko³⁷, Jaroslaw Kantorowicz³⁸, Elena Kantorowicz-Reznichenko³⁹, André Krouwel⁴⁰, Michael Laakasuo⁴¹, Claus Lamm⁴², Caroline Leygue⁴³, Ming-Jen Lin^{44

45}, Mohammad Sabbir Mansoor⁴⁶, Antoine Marie¹⁹, Lewend Mayiwar⁴⁷, Honorata Mazepus^{48

49}, Cillian McHugh⁵⁰, John Paul Minda⁵¹, Panagiotis Mitkidis^{25

52}, Andreas Olsson⁵³, Tobias Otterbring^{54

55}, Dominic J Packer⁵⁶, Anat Perry³⁶, Michael Bang Petersen¹⁹, Arathy Puthillam⁵⁷, Julián C Riaño-Moreno^{58

59}, Tobias Rothmund⁶⁰, Hernando Santamaría-García⁶¹, Petra C Schmid⁶², Drozdstoy Stoyanov⁶³, Shruti Tewari⁶⁴, Bojan Todosijević⁶⁵, Manos Tsakiris^{66

67

68}, Hans H Tung^{45

69}, Radu G Umbreș⁷⁰, Edmunds Vanags⁷¹, Madalina Vlasceanu⁷², Andrew Vonasch⁷³, Meltem Yucel^{74

75}, Yucheng Zhang⁷⁶, Mohcine Abad⁷⁷, Eli Adler³⁶, Narin Akrawi⁷⁸, Hamza Alaoui Mdarhri⁷⁷, Hanane Amara⁷⁹, David M Amodio^{80

81}, Benedict G Antazo⁸², Matthew Apps¹³, F Ceren Ay^{83

84}, Mouhamadou Hady Ba⁸⁵, Sergio Barbosa^{86

87}, Brock Bastian⁸⁸, Anton Berg⁴¹, Maria P Bernal-Zárate⁵⁸, Michael Bernstein⁸⁹, Michał Białek⁹⁰, Ennio Bilancini⁹¹, Natalia Bogatyreva¹⁶, Leonardo Boncinelli⁹², Jonathan E Booth⁹³, Sylvie Borau⁹⁴, Ondrej Buchel^{95

96}, C Daryl Cameron^{97

98}, Chrissie F Carvalho⁹⁹, Tatiana Celadin¹⁰⁰, Chiara Cerami^{101

102}, Hom Nath Chalise⁴⁶, Xiaojun Cheng¹⁰³, Luca Cian¹⁰⁴, Kate Cockcroft¹⁸, Jane Conway¹⁰⁵, Mateo Andres Córdoba-Delgado⁶¹, Chiara Crespi^{102

106}, Marie Crouzevialle⁶², Jo Cutler^{12

13}, Marzena Cypryańska⁵, Justyna Dabrowska¹⁰⁷, Michael A Daniels¹⁰⁸, Victoria H Davis²², Pamala N Dayley¹⁰⁹, Sylvain Delouvee¹¹⁰, Ognjan Denkovski⁸¹, Guillaume Dezecache¹¹¹, Nathan A Dhaliwal¹⁰⁸, Alelie B Diato¹¹², Roberto Di Paolo⁹¹, Marianna Drosinou⁴¹, Uwe Dulleck^{113

114

115

116}, Jānis Ekmanis⁷¹, Arhan S Ertan¹¹⁷, Tom W Etienne¹¹⁸, Hapsa Hossain Farhana³⁵, Fahima Farkhari⁶⁰, Harry Farmer¹¹, Ali Fenwick¹¹⁹, Kristijan Fidanovski¹²⁰, Terry Flew¹²¹, Shona Fraser¹²², Raymond Boadi Frempong¹²³, Jonathan A Fugelsang¹²⁴, Jessica Gale⁷³, E Begoña Garcia-Navarro³⁰, Prasad Garladinne⁶⁴, Oussama Ghajjou¹²⁵, Theofilos Gkinopoulos¹²⁶, Kurt Gray¹²⁷, Siobhán M Griffin⁵⁰, Bjarki Gronfeldt², Mert Gümren¹²⁸, Ranju Lama Gurung⁴⁶, Eran Halperin³⁶, Elizabeth Harris⁸⁰, Volo Herzon⁴¹, Matej Hruška²⁶, Guanxiong Huang¹²⁹, Matthias F C Hudecek^{130

131}, Ozan Isler^{113

114}, Simon Jangard⁵³, Frederik J Jørgensen¹⁹, Frank Kachanoff¹²⁷, John Kahn²¹, Apsara Katuwal Dangol⁴⁶, Oleksandra Keudel¹³², Lina Koppel¹³³, Mika Koverola⁴¹, Emily Kubin¹³⁴, Anton Kunnari⁴¹, Yordan Kutiyski¹¹⁸, Oscar Laguna¹¹⁸, Josh Leota¹³⁵, Eva Lermer^{131

136

137}, Jonathan Levy^{138

139}, Neil Levy⁸, Chunyun Li⁹³, Elizabeth U Long²², Chiara Longoni¹⁴⁰, Marina Maglić⁷, Darragh McCashin¹⁴¹, Alexander L Metcalf¹⁴², Igor Mikloušić⁷, Soulaimane El Mimouni⁷⁹, Asako Miura¹⁴³, Juliana Molina-Paredes⁶¹, César Monroy-Fonseca¹⁴⁴, Elena Morales-Marente³⁰, David Moreau¹⁴⁵, Rafał Muda¹⁴⁶, Annalisa Myer^{75

147}, Kyle Nash¹³⁵, Tarik Nesh-Nash⁷⁹, Jonas P Nitschke⁴², Matthew S Nurse¹⁴⁸, Yohsuke Ohtsubo¹⁴⁹, Victoria Oldemburgo de Mello²², Cathal O'Madagain⁷⁷, Michal Onderco¹⁵⁰, M Soledad Palacios-Galvez³⁰, Jussi Palomäki⁴¹, Yafeng Pan⁵³, Zsófia Papp¹⁵¹, Philip Pärnamets⁵³, Mariola Paruzel-Czachura¹⁵², Zoran Pavlović¹⁵³, César Payán-Gómez¹⁵⁴, Silva Perander⁴¹, Michael Mark Pitman¹⁸, Rajib Prasad¹⁵⁵, Joanna Pyrkosz-Pacyna¹⁵⁶, Steve Rathje¹⁵⁷, Ali Raza^{158

159}, Gabriel G Rêgo¹⁶⁰, Kasey Rhee¹⁶¹, Claire E Robertson⁸⁰, Iván Rodríguez-Pascual³⁰, Teemu Saikkonen¹⁶², Octavio Salvador-Ginez⁴³, Waldir M Sampaio¹⁶⁰, Gaia C Santi¹⁰¹, Natalia Santiago-Tovar¹⁶³, David Savage¹⁶⁴, Julian A Scheffer⁹⁷, Philipp Schönegger^{165

166}, David T Schultner⁸², Enid M Schutte¹⁸, Andy Scott¹³⁵, Madhavi Sharma⁴⁶, Pujan Sharma⁴⁶, Ahmed Skali¹⁶⁷, David Stadelmann¹²³, Clara Alexandra Stafford^{51

168

169}, Dragan Stanojević¹⁷⁰, Anna Stefaniak¹⁷¹, Anni Sternisko⁸⁰, Agustin Stoica¹⁷², Kristina K Stoyanova¹⁷³, Brent Strickland^{77

174}, Jukka Sundvall⁴¹, Jeffrey P Thomas⁸⁸, Gustav Tinghög¹³³, Benno Torgler^{113

114

175}, Iris J Traast⁸², Raffaele Tucciarelli^{176

177}, Michael Tyrala¹⁷⁸, Nick D Ungson¹⁷⁹, Mete S Uysal¹⁸⁰, Paul A M Van Lange¹⁸¹, Jan-Willem van Prooijen¹⁸¹, Dirk van Rooy¹⁸², Daniel Västfjäll¹⁸³, Peter Verkoeijen¹⁸⁴, Joana B Vieira⁵³, Christian von Sikorski¹⁸⁵, Alexander Cameron Walker¹²⁴, Jennifer Watermeyer¹⁸⁶, Erik Wetter¹⁸⁷, Ashley Whillans¹⁸⁸, Robin Willardt⁶², Michael J A Wohl¹⁷¹, Adrian Dominik Wójcik¹⁸⁹, Kaidi Wu¹⁹⁰, Yuki Yamada¹⁹¹, Onurcan Yilmaz¹⁹², Kumar Yogeeswaran⁷³, Carolin-Theresa Ziemer⁶⁰, Rolf A Zwaan¹⁸⁴, Paulo S Boggio¹⁶⁰

Affiliations

¹ Department of Psychology and Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA. jay.vanbavel@nyu.edu.
² School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, England.
³ Department of Economics, Middlesex University London, London, England.
⁴ Department of Strategy and Management, Norwegian School of Economics, Bergen, Norway.
⁵ SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Poznań, Poland.
⁶ Department of Psychological Sciences, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, USA.
⁷ Institute of Social Sciences Ivo Pilar, Zagreb, Croatia.
⁸ Department of Philosophy, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
⁹ Stanford Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
¹⁰ Institute of Communication Science, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany. flavio.azevedo@uni-jena.de.
¹¹ School of Human Sciences, Institute for Lifecourse Development, University of Greenwich, London, England.
¹² Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, England.
¹³ Center for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England.
¹⁴ Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
¹⁵ KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
¹⁶ National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE), Moscow, Russia.
¹⁷ De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines.
¹⁸ Department of Psychology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
¹⁹ Department of Political Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
²⁰ X University, Toronto, Canada.
²¹ Department of Government, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
²² Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
²³ Gatton College of Business and Economics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
²⁴ Department of Mass Communication, National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan.
²⁵ Department of Management, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
²⁶ Faculty of Social and Economic Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.
²⁷ IntraMed, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
²⁸ Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, North Macedonia, Republic of North Macedonia.
²⁹ University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
³⁰ ESEIS/COIDESO [ESEIS, Social Studies and Social Intervention Research Center; COIDESO, COIDESO, Center for Research in Contemporary Thought and Innovation for Social Development], University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain.
³¹ Faculty of Social Work, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain.
³² WHU - Otto Beisheim School of Management, Vallendar, Germany.
³³ Latin American Brain Health Institute (BrainLat), Adolfo Ibáñez University, Santiago, Chile.
³⁴ Global Brain Health Institute, University of San Andrés, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
³⁵ Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
³⁶ Psychology Department, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
³⁷ Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
³⁸ Institute of Security and Global Affairs, Leiden University, The Hague, Netherlands.
³⁹ Erasmus School of Law, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
⁴⁰ Department of Political Science, Vrije University (VU) Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
⁴¹ Department of Digital Humanities, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
⁴² Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
⁴³ School of Psychology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico.
⁴⁴ Department of Economics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁴⁵ Center for Research in Econometric Theory and Applications, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁴⁶ Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal.
⁴⁷ Department of Leadership and Organizational Behavior, BI Norwegian Business School, Oslo, Norway.
⁴⁸ Institute of Security and Global Affairs, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands.
⁴⁹ Faculty of Governance and Global Affairs, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands.
⁵⁰ Department of Psychology, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
⁵¹ Department of Psychology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.
⁵² Center for Advanced Hindsight, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
⁵³ Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden.
⁵⁴ Department of Management, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway.
⁵⁵ Institute of Retail Economics, Stockholm, Sweden.
⁵⁶ Department of Psychology, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA.
⁵⁷ Department of Psychology, Monk Prayogshala, Mumbai, India.
⁵⁸ Medicine Faculty, Cooperative University of Colombia, Villavicencio, Colombia.
⁵⁹ Department of Bioethics, El Bosque University, Bogotá, Colombia.
⁶⁰ Institute of Communication Science, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany.
⁶¹ Faculty of Medicine, Pontifical Javeriana University, Bogotá, Colombia.
⁶² Department of Management, Technology, and Economics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
⁶³ Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Research Institute, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
⁶⁴ Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Management, Indore, India.
⁶⁵ Institute of Social Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia.
⁶⁶ Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, London, England.
⁶⁷ Center for the Politics of Feelings, School of Advanced Study, University of London, London, England.
⁶⁸ Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Education and Social Sciences, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg.
⁶⁹ Department of Political Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁷⁰ Faculty of Political Science, National School for Political Studies and Public Administration, Bucharest, Romania.
⁷¹ Department of Psychology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia.
⁷² Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
⁷³ Department of Psychology, Speech, and Hearing, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
⁷⁴ Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
⁷⁵ Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
⁷⁶ School of Economics and Management, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, PR China.
⁷⁷ School of Collective Intelligence, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir, Morocco.
⁷⁸ Institute for Research and Development-Kurdistan, Middle East, Iraq.
⁷⁹ Impact For Development, North Africa, Morocco.
⁸⁰ Department of Psychology and Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
⁸¹ Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
⁸² Department of Psychology, Jose Rizal University, Mandaluyong, Philippines.
⁸³ Department of Economics, Norwegian School of Economics, Bergen, Norway.
⁸⁴ Telenor Research, Oslo, Norway.
⁸⁵ Department of Philosophy, University Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal.
⁸⁶ School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.
⁸⁷ Moral Psychology and Decision Sciences Research Incubator, University of Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.
⁸⁸ School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
⁸⁹ Department of Psychological and Social Sciences, Penn State Abington, Abington, PA, USA.
⁹⁰ Institute of Psychology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland.
⁹¹ IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca, Lucca, Italy.
⁹² Department of Economics and Management, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
⁹³ Department of Management, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, England.
⁹⁴ Toulouse Business School, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
⁹⁵ Social Policy Institute of the Ministry of Labor, Family and Social Affairs of the Slovak Republic, Bratislava, Slovakia.
⁹⁶ Department of Sociology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands.
⁹⁷ Department of Psychology, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA.
⁹⁸ Rock Ethics Institute, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA.
⁹⁹ Department of Psychology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.
¹⁰⁰ Department of Economics, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
¹⁰¹ IUSS Cognitive Neuroscience (ICoN) Center, Institute for Advanced Study of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
¹⁰² Cognitive Computational Neuroscience Research Unit, Neurological Institute Foundation Casimiro Mondino, Pavia, Italy.
¹⁰³ School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, PR China.
¹⁰⁴ Darden School of Business, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
¹⁰⁵ Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse, Université Toulouse 1 Capitole, Toulouse, France.
¹⁰⁶ Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
¹⁰⁷ Cracow University of Economics, Kraków, Poland.
¹⁰⁸ UBC Sauder School of Business, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
¹⁰⁹ Psychology Department, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
¹¹⁰ Laboratory of Psychology: Cognition, Behavior, and Communication (LP3C), Rennes 2 University, Rennes, France.
¹¹¹ Laboratory of Social and Cognitive Psychology, Clermont Auvergne University, CNRS, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
¹¹² Cavite State University-General Trias City Campus, Cavite, Philippines.
¹¹³ School of Economics and Finance, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
¹¹⁴ Center for Behavioural Economics, Society and Technology, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
¹¹⁵ Crawford School of Public Policy, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
¹¹⁶ CESifo, University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
¹¹⁷ Department of International Trade, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey.
¹¹⁸ Kieskompas - Election Compass, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
¹¹⁹ Hult International Business School Dubai, Dubai, UAE.
¹²⁰ Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, England.
¹²¹ Department of Media and Communications, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
¹²² Department of Psychiatry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
¹²³ University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.
¹²⁴ Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
¹²⁵ Department of Peace Studies, University of Bradford, Bradford, England.
¹²⁶ Philosophy and Social Studies Department, Rethymno, Greece.
¹²⁷ Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
¹²⁸ Department of Economics, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey.
¹²⁹ Department of Media and Communication, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong.
¹³⁰ University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
¹³¹ FOM University of Applied Sciences, Essen, Germany.
¹³² Graduate School for Transnational Studies, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
¹³³ Department of Management and Engineering, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
¹³⁴ Department of Psychology, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany.
¹³⁵ Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
¹³⁶ LMU Center for Leadership and People Management, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
¹³⁷ Ansbach University for Applied Sciences, Ansbach, Germany.
¹³⁸ Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya (IDC), Herzliya, Israel.
¹³⁹ Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland.
¹⁴⁰ Questrom School of Business, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
¹⁴¹ School of Psychology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland.
¹⁴² University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA.
¹⁴³ Graduate School of Human Sciences Human Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.
¹⁴⁴ SEELE Neuroscience, Mexico City, Mexico.
¹⁴⁵ School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
¹⁴⁶ Faculty of Economics, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland.
¹⁴⁷ Department of Psychology, The City University of New York (CUNY) Graduate Center, New York, NY, USA.
¹⁴⁸ Australian National Centre for the Public Awareness of Science, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
¹⁴⁹ Department of Social Psychology, Graduate School of Humanities and Sociology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
¹⁵⁰ Department of Public Administration and Sociology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
¹⁵¹ Center for Social Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Center of Excellence, Budapest, Hungary.
¹⁵² Institute of Psychology, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.
¹⁵³ Department of Psychology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
¹⁵⁴ Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.
¹⁵⁵ Vidyasagar College For Women, Kolkata, India.
¹⁵⁶ AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland.
¹⁵⁷ Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England.
¹⁵⁸ Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
¹⁵⁹ Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
¹⁶⁰ Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, Brazil.
¹⁶¹ Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
¹⁶² Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
¹⁶³ Cooperative University of Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.
¹⁶⁴ Newcastle Business School, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.
¹⁶⁵ Department of Philosophy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Scotland.
¹⁶⁶ School of Economics and Finance, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Scotland.
¹⁶⁷ Department of Global Economics and Management, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
¹⁶⁸ Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.
¹⁶⁹ Western Interdisciplinary Research Building, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.
¹⁷⁰ Department of Sociology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
¹⁷¹ Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
¹⁷² National University of Political Studies and Public Administration (SNSPA), Bucharest, Romania.
¹⁷³ Research Institute at Medical University of Plovdiv), Division of Translational Neuroscience, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
¹⁷⁴ Department of Cognitive Science, ENS, EHESS, CNRS, Institut Jean Nicod, PSL Research University, Paris, France.
¹⁷⁵ CREMA - Center for Research in Economics, Management and the Arts, Basel, Switzerland.
¹⁷⁶ The Warburg Institute, School of Advanced Study, University of London, London, England.
¹⁷⁷ Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, England.
¹⁷⁸ Institute for Emerging Market Studies, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
¹⁷⁹ Department of Psychology, Susquehanna University, Selinsgrove, PA, USA.
¹⁸⁰ Psychology Department, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Turkey.
¹⁸¹ Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
¹⁸² Research School of Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
¹⁸³ Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning (IBL), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
¹⁸⁴ Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
¹⁸⁵ University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany.
¹⁸⁶ Health Communication Research Unit, School of Human and Community Development, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
¹⁸⁷ Department of Business Administration, Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm, Sweden.
¹⁸⁸ Harvard Business School, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
¹⁸⁹ Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland.
¹⁹⁰ University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
¹⁹¹ Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
¹⁹² Department of Psychology, Kadir Has University, Istanbul, Turkey.

PMID: 35082277
PMCID: PMC8792004
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27668-9

National identity predicts public health support during a global pandemic

Jay J Van Bavel et al. Nat Commun. 2022.

. 2022 Jan 26;13(1):517.

doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-27668-9.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Department of Psychology and Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA. jay.vanbavel@nyu.edu.
² School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, England.
³ Department of Economics, Middlesex University London, London, England.
⁴ Department of Strategy and Management, Norwegian School of Economics, Bergen, Norway.
⁵ SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Poznań, Poland.
⁶ Department of Psychological Sciences, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, USA.
⁷ Institute of Social Sciences Ivo Pilar, Zagreb, Croatia.
⁸ Department of Philosophy, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
⁹ Stanford Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
¹⁰ Institute of Communication Science, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany. flavio.azevedo@uni-jena.de.
¹¹ School of Human Sciences, Institute for Lifecourse Development, University of Greenwich, London, England.
¹² Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, England.
¹³ Center for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England.
¹⁴ Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
¹⁵ KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
¹⁶ National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE), Moscow, Russia.
¹⁷ De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines.
¹⁸ Department of Psychology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
¹⁹ Department of Political Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
²⁰ X University, Toronto, Canada.
²¹ Department of Government, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
²² Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
²³ Gatton College of Business and Economics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
²⁴ Department of Mass Communication, National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan.
²⁵ Department of Management, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
²⁶ Faculty of Social and Economic Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.
²⁷ IntraMed, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
²⁸ Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, North Macedonia, Republic of North Macedonia.
²⁹ University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
³⁰ ESEIS/COIDESO [ESEIS, Social Studies and Social Intervention Research Center; COIDESO, COIDESO, Center for Research in Contemporary Thought and Innovation for Social Development], University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain.
³¹ Faculty of Social Work, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain.
³² WHU - Otto Beisheim School of Management, Vallendar, Germany.
³³ Latin American Brain Health Institute (BrainLat), Adolfo Ibáñez University, Santiago, Chile.
³⁴ Global Brain Health Institute, University of San Andrés, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
³⁵ Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
³⁶ Psychology Department, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
³⁷ Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
³⁸ Institute of Security and Global Affairs, Leiden University, The Hague, Netherlands.
³⁹ Erasmus School of Law, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
⁴⁰ Department of Political Science, Vrije University (VU) Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
⁴¹ Department of Digital Humanities, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
⁴² Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
⁴³ School of Psychology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico.
⁴⁴ Department of Economics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁴⁵ Center for Research in Econometric Theory and Applications, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁴⁶ Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal.
⁴⁷ Department of Leadership and Organizational Behavior, BI Norwegian Business School, Oslo, Norway.
⁴⁸ Institute of Security and Global Affairs, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands.
⁴⁹ Faculty of Governance and Global Affairs, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands.
⁵⁰ Department of Psychology, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
⁵¹ Department of Psychology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.
⁵² Center for Advanced Hindsight, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
⁵³ Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden.
⁵⁴ Department of Management, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway.
⁵⁵ Institute of Retail Economics, Stockholm, Sweden.
⁵⁶ Department of Psychology, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA.
⁵⁷ Department of Psychology, Monk Prayogshala, Mumbai, India.
⁵⁸ Medicine Faculty, Cooperative University of Colombia, Villavicencio, Colombia.
⁵⁹ Department of Bioethics, El Bosque University, Bogotá, Colombia.
⁶⁰ Institute of Communication Science, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany.
⁶¹ Faculty of Medicine, Pontifical Javeriana University, Bogotá, Colombia.
⁶² Department of Management, Technology, and Economics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
⁶³ Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Research Institute, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
⁶⁴ Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Management, Indore, India.
⁶⁵ Institute of Social Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia.
⁶⁶ Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, London, England.
⁶⁷ Center for the Politics of Feelings, School of Advanced Study, University of London, London, England.
⁶⁸ Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Education and Social Sciences, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg.
⁶⁹ Department of Political Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁷⁰ Faculty of Political Science, National School for Political Studies and Public Administration, Bucharest, Romania.
⁷¹ Department of Psychology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia.
⁷² Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
⁷³ Department of Psychology, Speech, and Hearing, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
⁷⁴ Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
⁷⁵ Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
⁷⁶ School of Economics and Management, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, PR China.
⁷⁷ School of Collective Intelligence, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir, Morocco.
⁷⁸ Institute for Research and Development-Kurdistan, Middle East, Iraq.
⁷⁹ Impact For Development, North Africa, Morocco.
⁸⁰ Department of Psychology and Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
⁸¹ Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
⁸² Department of Psychology, Jose Rizal University, Mandaluyong, Philippines.
⁸³ Department of Economics, Norwegian School of Economics, Bergen, Norway.
⁸⁴ Telenor Research, Oslo, Norway.
⁸⁵ Department of Philosophy, University Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal.
⁸⁶ School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.
⁸⁷ Moral Psychology and Decision Sciences Research Incubator, University of Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.
⁸⁸ School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
⁸⁹ Department of Psychological and Social Sciences, Penn State Abington, Abington, PA, USA.
⁹⁰ Institute of Psychology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland.
⁹¹ IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca, Lucca, Italy.
⁹² Department of Economics and Management, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
⁹³ Department of Management, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, England.
⁹⁴ Toulouse Business School, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
⁹⁵ Social Policy Institute of the Ministry of Labor, Family and Social Affairs of the Slovak Republic, Bratislava, Slovakia.
⁹⁶ Department of Sociology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands.
⁹⁷ Department of Psychology, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA.
⁹⁸ Rock Ethics Institute, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA.
⁹⁹ Department of Psychology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.
¹⁰⁰ Department of Economics, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
¹⁰¹ IUSS Cognitive Neuroscience (ICoN) Center, Institute for Advanced Study of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
¹⁰² Cognitive Computational Neuroscience Research Unit, Neurological Institute Foundation Casimiro Mondino, Pavia, Italy.
¹⁰³ School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, PR China.
¹⁰⁴ Darden School of Business, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
¹⁰⁵ Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse, Université Toulouse 1 Capitole, Toulouse, France.
¹⁰⁶ Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
¹⁰⁷ Cracow University of Economics, Kraków, Poland.
¹⁰⁸ UBC Sauder School of Business, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
¹⁰⁹ Psychology Department, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
¹¹⁰ Laboratory of Psychology: Cognition, Behavior, and Communication (LP3C), Rennes 2 University, Rennes, France.
¹¹¹ Laboratory of Social and Cognitive Psychology, Clermont Auvergne University, CNRS, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
¹¹² Cavite State University-General Trias City Campus, Cavite, Philippines.
¹¹³ School of Economics and Finance, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
¹¹⁴ Center for Behavioural Economics, Society and Technology, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
¹¹⁵ Crawford School of Public Policy, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
¹¹⁶ CESifo, University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
¹¹⁷ Department of International Trade, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey.
¹¹⁸ Kieskompas - Election Compass, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
¹¹⁹ Hult International Business School Dubai, Dubai, UAE.
¹²⁰ Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, England.
¹²¹ Department of Media and Communications, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
¹²² Department of Psychiatry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
¹²³ University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.
¹²⁴ Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
¹²⁵ Department of Peace Studies, University of Bradford, Bradford, England.
¹²⁶ Philosophy and Social Studies Department, Rethymno, Greece.
¹²⁷ Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
¹²⁸ Department of Economics, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey.
¹²⁹ Department of Media and Communication, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong.
¹³⁰ University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
¹³¹ FOM University of Applied Sciences, Essen, Germany.
¹³² Graduate School for Transnational Studies, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
¹³³ Department of Management and Engineering, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
¹³⁴ Department of Psychology, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany.
¹³⁵ Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
¹³⁶ LMU Center for Leadership and People Management, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
¹³⁷ Ansbach University for Applied Sciences, Ansbach, Germany.
¹³⁸ Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya (IDC), Herzliya, Israel.
¹³⁹ Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland.
¹⁴⁰ Questrom School of Business, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
¹⁴¹ School of Psychology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland.
¹⁴² University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA.
¹⁴³ Graduate School of Human Sciences Human Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.
¹⁴⁴ SEELE Neuroscience, Mexico City, Mexico.
¹⁴⁵ School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
¹⁴⁶ Faculty of Economics, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland.
¹⁴⁷ Department of Psychology, The City University of New York (CUNY) Graduate Center, New York, NY, USA.
¹⁴⁸ Australian National Centre for the Public Awareness of Science, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
¹⁴⁹ Department of Social Psychology, Graduate School of Humanities and Sociology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
¹⁵⁰ Department of Public Administration and Sociology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
¹⁵¹ Center for Social Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Center of Excellence, Budapest, Hungary.
¹⁵² Institute of Psychology, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.
¹⁵³ Department of Psychology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
¹⁵⁴ Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.
¹⁵⁵ Vidyasagar College For Women, Kolkata, India.
¹⁵⁶ AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland.
¹⁵⁷ Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England.
¹⁵⁸ Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
¹⁵⁹ Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
¹⁶⁰ Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, Brazil.
¹⁶¹ Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
¹⁶² Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
¹⁶³ Cooperative University of Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.
¹⁶⁴ Newcastle Business School, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.
¹⁶⁵ Department of Philosophy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Scotland.
¹⁶⁶ School of Economics and Finance, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Scotland.
¹⁶⁷ Department of Global Economics and Management, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
¹⁶⁸ Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.
¹⁶⁹ Western Interdisciplinary Research Building, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.
¹⁷⁰ Department of Sociology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
¹⁷¹ Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
¹⁷² National University of Political Studies and Public Administration (SNSPA), Bucharest, Romania.
¹⁷³ Research Institute at Medical University of Plovdiv), Division of Translational Neuroscience, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
¹⁷⁴ Department of Cognitive Science, ENS, EHESS, CNRS, Institut Jean Nicod, PSL Research University, Paris, France.
¹⁷⁵ CREMA - Center for Research in Economics, Management and the Arts, Basel, Switzerland.
¹⁷⁶ The Warburg Institute, School of Advanced Study, University of London, London, England.
¹⁷⁷ Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, England.
¹⁷⁸ Institute for Emerging Market Studies, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
¹⁷⁹ Department of Psychology, Susquehanna University, Selinsgrove, PA, USA.
¹⁸⁰ Psychology Department, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Turkey.
¹⁸¹ Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
¹⁸² Research School of Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
¹⁸³ Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning (IBL), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
¹⁸⁴ Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
¹⁸⁵ University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany.
¹⁸⁶ Health Communication Research Unit, School of Human and Community Development, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
¹⁸⁷ Department of Business Administration, Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm, Sweden.
¹⁸⁸ Harvard Business School, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
¹⁸⁹ Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland.
¹⁹⁰ University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
¹⁹¹ Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
¹⁹² Department of Psychology, Kadir Has University, Istanbul, Turkey.

PMID: 35082277
PMCID: PMC8792004
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27668-9

Erratum in

Author Correction: National identity predicts public health support during a global pandemic.
Van Bavel JJ, Cichocka A, Capraro V, Sjåstad H, Nezlek JB, Pavlović T, Alfano M, Gelfand MJ, Azevedo F, Birtel MD, Cislak A, Lockwood PL, Ross RM, Abts K, Agadullina E, Aruta JJB, Besharati SN, Bor A, Choma BL, Crabtree CD, Cunningham WA, De K, Ejaz W, Elbaek CT, Findor A, Flichtentrei D, Franc R, Gjoneska B, Gruber J, Gualda E, Horiuchi Y, Huynh TLD, Ibanez A, Imran MA, Israelashvili J, Jasko K, Kantorowicz J, Kantorowicz-Reznichenko E, Krouwel A, Laakasuo M, Lamm C, Leygue C, Lin MJ, Mansoor MS, Marie A, Mayiwar L, Mazepus H, McHugh C, Minda JP, Mitkidis P, Olsson A, Otterbring T, Packer DJ, Perry A, Petersen MB, Puthillam A, Riaño-Moreno JC, Rothmund T, Santamaría-García H, Schmid PC, Stoyanov D, Tewari S, Todosijević B, Tsakiris M, Tung HH, Umbreș RG, Vanags E, Vlasceanu M, Vonasch A, Yucel M, Zhang Y, Abad M, Adler E, Akrawi N, Mdarhri HA, Amara H, Amodio DM, Antazo BG, Apps M, Ay FC, Ba MH, Barbosa S, Bastian B, Berg A, Bernal-Zárate MP, Bernstein M, Białek M, Bilancini E, Bogatyreva N, Boncinelli L, Booth JE, Borau S, Buchel O, Cameron CD, Carvalho CF, Celadin T, Cerami C, Chalise HN, Cheng X, Cian L, Cockcroft K, Conway J, Córdoba-Delgado MA, Crespi C, Crouzevialle M, Cutl… See abstract for full author list ➔ Van Bavel JJ, et al. Nat Commun. 2022 Apr 6;13(1):1949. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-29658-x. Nat Commun. 2022. PMID: 35388016 Free PMC article. No abstract available.

Abstract

Changing collective behaviour and supporting non-pharmaceutical interventions is an important component in mitigating virus transmission during a pandemic. In a large international collaboration (Study 1, N = 49,968 across 67 countries), we investigated self-reported factors associated with public health behaviours (e.g., spatial distancing and stricter hygiene) and endorsed public policy interventions (e.g., closing bars and restaurants) during the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic (April-May 2020). Respondents who reported identifying more strongly with their nation consistently reported greater engagement in public health behaviours and support for public health policies. Results were similar for representative and non-representative national samples. Study 2 (N = 42 countries) conceptually replicated the central finding using aggregate indices of national identity (obtained using the World Values Survey) and a measure of actual behaviour change during the pandemic (obtained from Google mobility reports). Higher levels of national identification prior to the pandemic predicted lower mobility during the early stage of the pandemic (r = -0.40). We discuss the potential implications of links between national identity, leadership, and public health for managing COVID-19 and future pandemics.

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Conflict of interest statement

André Krouwel (ownership and stocks in Kieskompas BV, data collector in this project). No payment was received by the author. No other authors reported a competing interest.

Figures

**Fig. 1. Map of the 67 participating countries and territories with total sample size scaled to colour (we did not obtain samples from countries in grey).**
All the worldmaps were produced using R packages. The map is from the package ‘rworldmap’ and is licensed-free from South, A. (2011). rworldmap: A New R package for Mapping Global Data. The R Journal, 3, 35-43.

**Fig. 2. Relationships between collective concerns and public health measures in 67 countries and territories.**
Heat index depicts the slope coefficients in each country. Blueish colours indicate negative associations between our predictors and our outcomes while reddish colours indicate positive associations (higher scores reflect stronger relationships between national identification, greater national narcissism and greater conservatism, and limiting physical contact, improving hygiene, and supporting public health policies). All the worldmaps were produced using R packages. The map is from the package ‘rworldmap’ and is licensed-free from South, A. (2011). rworldmap: A New R package for Mapping Global Data. The R Journal, 3, 35-43.

**Fig. 3. Relation between collective concerns and public health measures in 67 countries and territories.**
The coefficients reflecting the relation between national identity and each of the health measures are presented for each country from strongest (top) to weakest (bottom). The relation with physical contact (red), policy support (green), and hygiene (blue) are colour coded.

**Fig. 4. Relation between national identification (y-axis) and community mobility (x-axis) in 42 countries and territories.**
Google mobility is depicted as a mean change in mobility during April and May 2020 (i.e., blueish colours indicate a greater reduction of mobility during this period while reddish colours indicate a smaller reduction of mobility). Grey shading is the 95% confidence interval.

See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

1. World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019 (2021). - PubMed
1. Lewnard JA, Lo NC. Scientific and ethical basis for social-distancing interventions against COVID-19. Lancet. 2020;20:631–633. - PMC - PubMed
1. World Health Organization. WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 - 30 July 2020. https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-genera... (2021).
1. Biddlestone M, Green R, Douglas K. Cultural orientation, powerlessness, belief in conspiracy theories, and intentions to reduce the spread of COVID-19. Br. J. Soc. Psychol. 2020;59:663–673. - PMC - PubMed
1. Haslam, S. A., Reicher, S. D. & Platow, M. J. The New Psychology of Leadership: Identity, Influence, and Power (Routledge, 2011).

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National identity predicts public health support during a global pandemic

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National identity predicts public health support during a global pandemic

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