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. 2022 Mar;10(3):e390-e397.
doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(21)00550-7. Epub 2022 Jan 24.

The effect of primary health care on tuberculosis in a nationwide cohort of 7·3 million Brazilian people: a quasi-experimental study

Gabriela S Jesus  1 , Julia M Pescarini  2 , Andrea F Silva  3 , Ana Torrens  4 , Wellington M Carvalho  5 , Elzo P P Junior  2 , Maria Y Ichihara  2 , Mauricio L Barreto  6 , Poliana Rebouças  6 , James Macinko  7 , Mauro Sanchez  8 , Davide Rasella  9
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The effect of primary health care on tuberculosis in a nationwide cohort of 7·3 million Brazilian people: a quasi-experimental study

Gabriela S Jesus et al. Lancet Glob Health. 2022 Mar.

Abstract

Background: Universal health coverage is one of the WHO End TB Strategy priority interventions and could be achieved-particularly in low-income and middle-income countries-through the expansion of primary health care. We evaluated the effects of one of the largest primary health-care programmes in the world, the Brazilian Family Health Strategy (FHS), on tuberculosis morbidity and mortality using a nationwide cohort of 7·3 million individuals over a 10-year study period.

Methods: We analysed individuals who entered the 100 Million Brazilians Cohort during the period Jan 1, 2004, to Dec 31, 2013, and compared residents in municipalities with no FHS coverage with residents in municipalities with full FHS coverage. We used a cohort design with multivariable Poisson regressions, adjusted for all relevant demographic and socioeconomic variables and weighted with inverse probability of treatment weighting, to estimate the effect of FHS on tuberculosis incidence, mortality, cure, and case fatality. We also performed a range of stratifications and sensitivity analyses.

Findings: FHS exposure was associated with lower tuberculosis incidence (rate ratio [RR] 0·78, 95% CI 0·72-0·84) and mortality (0·72, 0·55-0·94), and was positively associated with tuberculosis cure rates (1·04, 1·00-1·08). FHS was also associated with a decrease in tuberculosis case-fatality rates, although this was not statistically significant (RR 0·84, 95% CI 0·55-1·30). FHS associations were stronger among the poorest individuals for all the tuberculosis indicators.

Interpretation: Community-based primary health care could strongly reduce tuberculosis morbidity and mortality and decrease the unequal distribution of the tuberculosis burden in the most vulnerable populations. During the current marked rise in global poverty due to the COVID-19 pandemic, investments in primary health care could help protect against the expected increases in tuberculosis incidence worldwide and contribute to the attainment of the End TB Strategy goals.

Funding: TB Modelling and Analysis Consortium (Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation), Wellcome Trust, and Brazilian Ministry of Health.

Translation: For the Portuguese translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of interests We declare no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Flowchart of the study cohort (Brazil, 2001–15) FHS=Family Health Strategy.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Conceptual framework for the demographic and socioeconomic factors affecting incidence, mortality, cure rate, and fatality rate for tuberculosis, and of the effects of primary health care
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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