Awareness of Smoking as a Risk Factor in Bladder Cancer: Results from the Prospective FinnBladder 9 Trial

Abstract

Background: Data regarding patient education and smoking habits among bladder cancer patients are scarce.

Objective: To investigate awareness of smoking as a risk factor for bladder cancer among bladder cancer patients.

Design, setting, and participants: This is a substudy of a prospective, randomized, multicenter phase 3 trial (FinnBladder 9, NCT01675219). The data were collected at baseline and after 12 mo of follow-up between 2012 and 2020.

Intervention: Patients completed a comprehensive nonvalidated questionnaire on smoking in relation to bladder cancer.

Outcome measurements and statistical analysis: The outcomes measured were patient-reported awareness of smoking as a risk factor for bladder cancer, and the effect of smoking on bladder cancer-related recurrence, progression, and death. Parametric data were compared using Student's t test and proportions using Fischer's exact test. Factors affecting baseline awareness of the effect of smoking cessation on bladder cancer were studied using logistic regression.

Results and limitations: Of the 411 patients randomized, 370 completed the baseline questionnaire and were included in the analysis. At baseline, 44% of patients were uncertain if smoking was a risk factor for bladder cancer. Patient awareness of the fact that smoking cessation reduces the risk of bladder cancer recurrence increased from 86% to 92% after 12 mo of follow-up (p = 0.038). Older patients and patients with recurrent bladder cancer had significantly less knowledge about the effect of smoking on bladder cancer recurrence, progression, and mortality. A major limitation is that the response rate was lower at the 12-mo follow-up visit than at baseline.

Conclusions: Awareness of smoking as a bladder cancer risk factor is low. Older patients and patients with recurrent bladder cancer may need special attention regarding education.

Patient summary: We looked at outcomes for smoking-related patient education on bladder cancer in a Finnish population. We conclude that older patients and patients with recurrent bladder cancer may need to be educated on this subject.

Keywords: Awareness; Bladder cancer; Patient education; Risk factor; Smoking.