Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy - A Review

Abstract

Background: Endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) has become a proven modality for treating obstructive and selected cases of communicating hydrocephalus.

Objective: This review aims to summarize the indications, preoperative workup, surgical technique, results, postoperative care, complications, advantages, and limitations of an ETV.

Materials and methods: A thorough review of PubMed and Google Scholar was performed. This review is based on the relevant articles and authors' experience.

Results: ETV is indicated in obstructive hydrocephalus and selected cases of communicating hydrocephalus. Studying preoperative imaging is critical, and a detailed assessment of interthalamic adhesions, the thickness of floor, arteries or membranes below the third ventricle floor, and prepontine cistern width is essential. Blunt perforation in a thin floor, while bipolar cautery at low settings and water jet dissection are preferred in a thick floor. The appearance of stoma pulsations and intraoperative ventriculostomography reassure stoma and basal cistern patency. The intraoperative decision for shunt, external ventricular drainage, or Ommaya reservoir can be taken. Magnetic resonance ventriculography and cine phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging can determine stoma patency. Good postoperative care with repeated cerebrospinal fluid drainage enhances outcomes in selected cases. Though the complications mostly occur in an early postoperative phase, delayed lethal ones may happen. Watching live surgeries, assisting expert surgeons, and practicing on cadavers and models can shorten the learning curve.

Conclusion: ETV is an excellent technique for managing obstructive and selected cases of communicating hydrocephalus. Good case selection, methodical technique, and proper training under experts are vital.

Keywords: Cerebral ventricle; cerebral ventricles/surgery; cerebrospinal fluid shunts; endoscopic third ventriculostomy; endoscopy; hydrocephalus; surgical procedures; ventriculocisternostomy; ventriculostomy.