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. 2022 Jan 19:10:e12825.
doi: 10.7717/peerj.12825. eCollection 2022.

A survey of Cryptosporidium prevalence among birds in two zoos in China

Yaxian Lu  1   2 , Tianchun Pu  3 , Baohua Ma  1   2 , Lixin Wang  1   2 , Mengchao Zhou  1   2 , Yu Chen  1   2 , Xiuyun Li  4 , Changming Zheng  3 , Hetong Liu  1   2 , Jinpeng Liu  3 , Chunyu Guan  4 , Hongyan Yu  1   2 , Chunkuo Dai  3 , Yuan Huang  1   2 , Yuling Yang  1   2 , Zhiwei Peng  1   2 , Lei Han  1   2 , Hongliang Chai  1 , Zhijun Hou  1   2
Affiliations

A survey of Cryptosporidium prevalence among birds in two zoos in China

Yaxian Lu et al. PeerJ. .

Abstract

Background: Cryptosporidiosis is an important zoonotic protozoan disease worldwide, but few studies on this disease have been performed in wild birds; thus, our knowledge of this disease is insufficient, even in zoo birds. Animals in zoos are possible zoonotic disease reservoirs, potentially resulting in zoonotic agent spillover to humans; accordingly, our understanding of such phenomena should be improved.

Methods: A total of 263 fresh fecal samples from 43 avian species were randomly collected from the Beijing Zoo and Harbin North Forest Zoo and screened for the prevalence of Cryptosporidium by 18S rRNA gene sequencing. Cryptosporidium species were distinguished based on the combined results of phylogenetic tree and genetic distance analyses conducted with the inclusion of seven avian Cryptosporidium species and 13 avian Cryptosporidium genotypes. The genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium parvum among different hosts, including humans, cattle, dogs, and birds, and the genetic diversity of avian C. parvum among avian hosts in China, Iraq and Brazil were determined based on C. parvum 18S rRNA haplotypes.

Results: The results of PCR targeting the 18S rRNA gene revealed that 1.9% (5/263) of the samples were Cryptosporidium-positive. Four of the five Cryptosporidium-positive samples originated from white cranes (Grus leucogeranus), and one originated from a flamingo (Phoenicopteridae). Avian C. parvum isolates, including the isolates examined in the present study, showed gene flow with other isolates from different types of hosts, including humans, cattle and dogs, indicating that zoo birds potentially pose zoonotic and pathogenic risks to humans and animals. Additionally, gene flow between avian C. parvum isolates from China and Brazil was detected.

Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, our results demonstrate C. parvum infection in a flamingo (Phoenicopteridae) and white cranes (Grus leucogeranus) for the first time. The results of our study provide an important reference for understanding the host range, biological characteristics, and molecular epidemiology of C. parvum.

Keywords: 18S rRNA gene; Cryptosporidium parvum; Flamingo (Phoenicopteridae); Phylogenetic; White crane (Grus leucogeranus).

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare there are no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1. Phylogenetic tree for Cryptosporidium spp.
Maximum Likelihood tree based on 18S rRNA gene sequences of seven Cryptosporidium species (C. meleagridis, C. parvum, C. galli, C. baileyi, C. avium, C. muris and C. andersoni) and 13 Cryptosporidium genotypes (avian genotypes I–III, and VI–IX; goose genotypes I–II; duck genotype; finch genotype; ostrich genotype; and C.xiaoi-like genotype).
Figure 2
Figure 2. Phylogenetic tree and genetic distance among different Cryptosporidium haplotype.
Maximum Likelihood tree and genetic distance heatmap based on the haplotypes of the 18S rRNA gene sequences of seven avian Cryptosporidium species (C. parvum, C. meleagridis, C. avium, C. baileyi, C. muris, C. andersoni and C. galli).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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