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. 2022 Jan 10;9(2):ofac004.
doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofac004. eCollection 2022 Feb.

High Burden of Cryptococcal Meningitis Among Antiretroviral Therapy-Experienced Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients in Northern Uganda in the Era of "Test and Treat": Implications for Cryptococcal Screening Programs

Mark Okwir  1   2   3 , Abigail Link  4   5 , Joshua Rhein  3   4 , John Stephen Obbo  2 , James Okello  2 , Betty Nabongo  2 , Jimmy Alal  2 , David Meya  3   4 , Paul R Bohjanen  3   4
Affiliations

High Burden of Cryptococcal Meningitis Among Antiretroviral Therapy-Experienced Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients in Northern Uganda in the Era of "Test and Treat": Implications for Cryptococcal Screening Programs

Mark Okwir et al. Open Forum Infect Dis. .

Abstract

Background: The impact of the "test and treat" program for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) treatment in rural areas of Uganda on cryptococcal antigen (CrAg) screening or cryptococcal meningitis (CM) is poorly understood.

Methods: We retrospectively evaluated clinical factors in 212 HIV-infected patients diagnosed with CM from February of 2017 to November of 2019 at Lira Regional Referral Hospital in northern Uganda.

Results: Among 212 patients diagnosed with CM, 58.5% were male. Median age was 35 years; CD4 count and HIV viral load (VL) were 86 cells/μL and 9463 copies/mL, respectively. Only 10% of patients had a previous history of CM. We found that 190 of 209 (90.9%) patients were ART experienced and 19 (9.1%) were ART naive. Overall, 90 of 212 (42.5%) patients died while hospitalized (median time to death, 14 days). Increased risk of death was associated with altered mental status (hazard ratio [HR], 6.6 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 2.411-18.219]; P ≤ .0001) and seizures (HR, 5.23 [95% CI, 1.245-21.991]; P = .024).

Conclusions: Current guidelines recommend CrAg screening based on low CD4 counts for ART-naive patients and VL or clinical failure for ART-experienced patients. Using current guidelines for CrAg screening, some ART-experienced patients miss CrAg screening in resource-limited settings, when CD4 or VL tests are unavailable. We found that the majority of HIV-infected patients with CM were ART experienced (90.9%) at presentation. The high burden of CM in ART-experienced patients supports a need for improved CrAg screening of ART-exposed patients.

Keywords: antiretroviral therapy; cryptococcal meningitis outcomes; screening.

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Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Flow diagram for cryptococcal meningitis (CM) outcomes by antiretroviral therapy (ART) status.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Kaplan-Meier survival curves for patients with cryptococcal meningitis, by antiretroviral therapy (ART) status. Cumulative survival curves expressed as a ratio from day 0 (y-axis) are shown over time in days (x-axis) for patients who were ART experienced (red line) or ART naive (blue line).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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