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Review
. 2022 Jan 15;14(1):38-54.
doi: 10.4251/wjgo.v14.i1.38.

Proteasome regulators in pancreatic cancer

Nirosha J Murugan  1 , Ioannis A Voutsadakis  2
Affiliations
Review

Proteasome regulators in pancreatic cancer

Nirosha J Murugan et al. World J Gastrointest Oncol. .

Abstract

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is one of the most lethal cancers with rising incidence. Despite progress in its treatment, with the introduction of more effective chemotherapy regimens in the last decade, prognosis of metastatic disease remains inferior to other cancers with long term survival being the exception. Molecular characterization of pancreatic cancer has elucidated the landscape of the disease and has revealed common lesions that contribute to pancreatic carcinogenesis. Regulation of proteostasis is critical in cancers due to increased protein turnover required to support the intense metabolism of cancer cells. The proteasome is an integral part of this regulation and is regulated, in its turn, by key transcription factors, which induce transcription of proteasome structural units. These include FOXO family transcription factors, NFE2L2, hHSF1 and hHSF2, and NF-Y. Networks that encompass proteasome regulators and transduction pathways dysregulated in pancreatic cancer such as the KRAS/ BRAF/MAPK and the Transforming growth factor beta/SMAD pathway contribute to pancreatic cancer progression. This review discusses the proteasome and its transcription factors within the pancreatic cancer cellular micro-environment. We also consider the role of stemness in carcinogenesis and the use of proteasome inhibitors as therapeutic agents.

Keywords: Cancer stem cells; Pancreatic adenocarcinoma; Proteasome; Regulation; Transcription factors; Unfolded protein response.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors declare no conflict of interest regarding this manuscript.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Schematic of receptor tyrosine kinases/KRAS and transforming growth factor beta/SMAD signaling pathways and downstream key transcription factors regulating the proteosome including FOXO, NF-Y, NFE2L2, and heat shock factors 1/2. Stabilized mutant p53 is involved in proteostasis transcription factors deregulation. For details see text. RTK: Receptor tyrosine kinases; TGFβ: Transforming growth factor beta; hHSF1/2: Heat shock factors 1/2; mtp53: Mutant p53.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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