Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2022 Feb 5;19(1):36.
doi: 10.1186/s12978-022-01347-4.

Number of antenatal care utilization and associated factors among pregnant women in Ethiopia: zero-inflated Poisson regression of 2019 intermediate Ethiopian Demography Health Survey

Mastewal Arefaynie  1 , Bereket Kefale  2 , Melaku Yalew  2 , Bezawit Adane  3 , Reta Dewau  3 , Yitayish Damtie  2
Affiliations

Number of antenatal care utilization and associated factors among pregnant women in Ethiopia: zero-inflated Poisson regression of 2019 intermediate Ethiopian Demography Health Survey

Mastewal Arefaynie et al. Reprod Health. .

Abstract

Background: The frequency of antenatal care utilization enhances the effectiveness of the maternal health programs to maternal and child health. The aim of the study was to determine the number of antenatal care and associated factors in Ethiopia by using 2019 intermediate EDHS.

Methods: Secondary data analysis was done on 2019 intermediate EDHS. A total of 3916.6 weighted pregnant women were included in the analysis. Zero-inflated Poisson regression analysis was done by Stata version 14.0. Incident rate ratio and odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval were used to show the strength and direction of the association.

Result: About one thousand six hundred eighty eight (43.11%) women were attending four and more antenatal care during current pregnancy. Attending primary education (IRR = 1.115, 95% CI: 1.061, 1.172), secondary education (IRR = 1.211, 95% CI: 1.131, 1.297) and higher education (IRR = 1.274, 95% CI: 1.177, 1.378), reside in poorer household wealth index (IRR = 1.074, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.152), middle household wealth index (IRR = 1.095, 95% CI: 1.018, 1.178), rich household wealth index (IRR = 1.129, 95% CI: 1.05, 1.212) and richer household wealth index (IRR = 1.186, 95% CI: 1.089, 1.29) increases the number of antenatal care utilization. The frequency of antenatal care was less likely become zero among women attending primary (AOR = 0.434, 95% CI: 0.346, 0.545), secondary (AOR = 0.113, 95% CI: 0.053, 0.24), higher educational level (AOR = 0.052, 95% CI: 0.007, 0.367) in the inflated part.

Conclusion: The number of antenatal care utilization is low in Ethiopia. Being rural, poorest household index, uneducated and single were factors associated with low number of antenatal care and not attending antenatal care at all. Improving educational coverage and wealth status of women is important to increase the coverage and frequency of antenatal care.

Keywords: Antenatal care; Ethiopia; Number; Zero-inflated Poisson.

Plain language summary

Antenatal care is among the most effective interventions to mitigate maternal mortality and morbidity. It is an entry point for delivery care, postnatal care and child immunization. This study was conducted to determine the frequency and associated factors of antenatal care utilization in Ethiopia by using 2019 intermediate Ethiopian Demography Health Survey.A cross-sectional study design using secondary data from 2019 intermediate Ethiopian demography and health survey was conducted. 3917 weighted women were included in the study. Recoding, variable generation, labeling and analysis were done by using STATA/SE version 14.0.The objective of this study was to identify the determinants of frequency of antenatal care visit in Ethiopia by using zero inflated Poisson regression.In this study 74.38% of women attend antenatal care at least once during their current pregnancy. Only 41.8% of women use WHO recommended number of antenatal care.Conclusion: maternal age, residence, educational status, household wealth index, religion and region show significant association with the frequency of antenatal care utilization. Advocacy and behavioral change communication should be area of concern for different organizations that are working on antenatal care especially for rural, poor and uneducated women through mass campaign, community dialoging and enhance the effectiveness of health extension programs.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Sampling and exclusion procedures to identify the final sample size in intermediate 2019 EDHS
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

See all "Cited by" articles

References

    1. Bauserman M, Thorsten VR, Nolen TL, Patterson J, Lokangaka A, Tshefu A, et al. Maternal mortality in six low and lower-middle income countries from 2010 to 2018: risk factors and trends. Reprod Health. 2020;17(3):1–10. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Geller SE, Koch AR, Garland CE, MacDonald EJ, Storey F, Lawton B. A global view of severe maternal morbidity: moving beyond maternal mortality. Reprod Health. 2018;15(1):31–43. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Girum T, Wasie A. Correlates of maternal mortality in developing countries: an ecological study in 82 countries. Maternal Health Neonatol Perinatol. 2017;3(1):1–6. - PMC - PubMed
    1. WHO. Maternal mortality. 2018.
    1. Martins ACS, Silva LS. Epidemiological profile of maternal mortality. Rev Bras Enferm. 2018;71:677–683. - PubMed